Detection of Fungi Species Involved in Parkiabiglobosa Spoilage
CHAPTER ONE
AIM
This study is aimed at DETECTING THE FUNGI SPECIES INVOLVED IN PARKIABIGLOBOSA SPOILAGE.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To isolate and identify fungi associated with locust beans (Parkiabiglobosa).
To determine the pH, moisture content and titratable acidity of locust beans.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
PARKIA BIGLOBOSA
Taxonomy
Parkia biglobosa (jacq.) Benth is a perennial deciduous tree from the sub – family Mimosoideae and family Leguminosae (Campbell – Platt, 1980).
Parkia species
Parkia is a genus of approximately thirty one species of leguminous trees through both the new world and old world tropics (Luckow and Hopkins, 1995). The genus is taxonomically most diverse in the rainforests of the Amazon Basin but four species are found in Africa and Madagascar and about ten in the Indo – Pacific region (Luckow and Hopkins, 1995).
Among the economically important species in the genus parkia is Parkia clappertoniana, popularly referred to as the West African locust bean (Yayock et al., 1988). The botanically related species of the African locust bean are Parkia biglobosa, Parkia clappertonia, Parkia filicoidea and Parkia bicolor. Parkia biglobosa and Parkia filicoidea are usually described as different while Parkia clappertonia is now considered the same as P. biglobosa and given as its synonym (FAO, 1988).
The main distinction between the first three species is the degree of division of their leaves. More recent monographic work has reduced the number of species present to two common ones, P. biglobosa and P. bicolor. P. biglobosa occurs commonly from Senegal across the region into Southern Sudan. P. bicolor occurs mainly as a forest species from Guinea to eastern Zaire. The third species, P. filicoidea is a species of central to eastern Africa with restricted and rare occurrence in highland locations of Ivory Coast, Ghana and Togo. Economic information on the genus parkia, in West Africa has in the past been more or less lumped in misinterpretation of the species under P. filicoidea. It is probably, that species names are interchangeable and usage are applicable, more or less, commonly to all (Burkill, 1995).
Local names
- biglobosais known by different names among ethnicities in different countries. However, the most common ones include; African locust bean, Monkey cutlass tree, fern leaf, two tall nitta – tree (English).
Arbre a farine, Arbre a fauve, caroubier African, nere, nerre (French).
Ner, Nete, Netto (Mandinka). mkunde, mnienze (Swahili).
Dawadawa, Dorowa (Hausa). (Hopkins, 1983).
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CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The survey was carried out in four popular markets in Jos North Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria which included Katako, Angwan Rukuba, Gada Biuand and Farin Gada markets. The seeds both deteriorated and nondeteriorated were collected from the markets in sterilized, well labeled plastic containers and were transported to the laboratory for processing. The healthy seeds of Parkiabi globosa are shown in Figure 1, while the deteriorated seeds from the different markets are shown in Figure 2.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total number of seventeen fungal species belonging to nine genera were isolated from the study. The different genera
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the seeds of locust bean plant are very important source of nutrients especially proteins that could alleviate malnutrition among different sections of Nigerian population and beyond. The seed is a readily source of protein for most of the people whose protein intake is low due to high costs of animal protein sources. The study has shown that the colonization of locust bean seeds by storage fungi had a significant impact in reducing the nutritional worth of the seeds. This situation can be improved by taking some measures including; drying of the seeds properly to reduce the moisture content which encourages microbial growth and spoilage. Oerke and Dehne (2004) reported that the present of little moisture permit the growth of fungi such as Aspergillus and Pencillium species.
Secondly, Farmers, traders and consumers should maintain sanity in the storage facilities which will go a long way to prolong the shelf life of the seeds. Considering the previous works on fungal deterioration of agricultural produce including locust bean seeds, the farm products are generally susceptible to fungal attack mostly because of the relative humidity and moisture which is always high in the storage areas
RECOMMENDATION
- Boglobosa plant is not normally cultivated and there is no conservation measures in place to prevent it from extinction hence the need for studies on its cultivation and conservation.
- There should be studies into the use of excipients from natural polymeric excipients and their modifications in finding cheap, biodegrable and ecofriendly excipients.
- Formulation of matrix tablets using Boglobosa fruit pulp can be attempted.
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