Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Supplementation of Feed on Performance, Antibody Response, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Broilers Challenged With Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
CHAPTER ONE
Aim of the Study
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of supplementation of feeds with Moringa oleifera on performance, antibody response, haematological and biochemical parameters of broilers challenged with a vvIBDV.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were to;
- evaluate the haematological parameters of broilers fed with MOL feed supplementation and challenged with a vvIBDV.
- evaluate the effect of MOL feed supplementation on the serum biochemical profile of broilers challenged with vvIBDV.
- assess the performance and return on investment of broilers fed with MOL feed supplementation and challenged with vvIBDV.
- evaluate the humoral immune response of broilers fed with MOL feed supplementation and vaccinated with an inactivated IBD vaccine.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Moringa oleifera
Historical background of Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of a monogeneric family, the Moringaceae that is native to the sub-Himalayan tracts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan (Mughal et al., 1999). It is a softwood tree with timber of low quality, but which for centuries has been advocated for traditional medicinal and industrial uses. It is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical Africa, tropical America, Sri Lanka, India, Mexico, Malabar, Malaysia and the Philippine Islands (Morton, 1991).
The name ―Shigon‖ for Moringa oleifera was first mentioned in the ―Shushruta Sanhita‖ which was written in the beginning of the first century A.D. There is evidence that the cultivation of MO in India dates back many thousands of years (Fuglie, 2001). In Nigeria, this plant is common in the north east and north central regions of the country and is known by most ethnic groups in the country (Ogbe and Affiku, 2011).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Location
The study was conducted at the animal pen of the department of Veterinary Public health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, located in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Samaru is located within the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of North western Nigeria. It lies between latitude 7° and 11° N, and longitude 7° 44◻ E andhas an average rainfall of between 1,000 to 1,250 mm and an average temperature of between 17°C to 33°C and a vegetation cover of predominantly trees and grasses (KDSG, 2011).
Collection and Processing of Moringa oleifera Leaf
Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) were harvested (between the months of August and September, 2013) from an orchard at an early flowering stage in Potiskum, Yobe State. The stem and branches were cut from the Moringa trees and spread out to dry under shade at room temperature for five days. The MOL were then removed manually by hand and grounded into powder using a locally manufactured milling machine.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
Nutrients, Elemental and Phytochemical Constituents of Moringa oleifera Leaf
The results of the MOL analysis revealed that it contained appreciable quantity of crude protein (25.9%) and carbohydrate (55.14%), fats (5.85%) and fibre (13.91%) (Table 4.1). The moisture content of MOL was 7.94%, while the ash content was 3.72%. The qualitative phytochemical analyses of the MOL using different solvents confirmed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, phenol and phylobatanin. Aqueous extract of MOL did not contain steroids, terpenoids, and phylobatannin. Tannins and terpenoids were absent from ethanolic extract of MOL. Methanolic extract did not contain steroids, tannins, terpenoids and phylobotannins (Table 4.2). The quantitative phytochemical analysis of MOL detected cyanide (0.1%), oxalate (0.45%), saponins (1.06%), phytates (2.57%) and tannins (2.19%) (Table 4.3). Mineral analysis showed that MOL contained minerals such as Ca (2.26%), P (0.35%), Mg (0.45%), Fe (116.5 ppm), Na (0.11%), Zn (34 ppm), Cu (7.5 ppm) and Se (0.85 ppm) (Table 4.4).
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The 25.9 % crude protein (CP) obtained in this study showed MOL to be a potential source of supplementary protein in chicken diet as proteins serves as essential building blocks of body tissue. This agrees with the findings of Makkar and Becker (1997) and Sarwatt et al. (2002), that MOL are a rich source of protein. The level of crude protein (25.9 %) is of particular nutritional significance as it is capable of meeting the chicken‘s protein requirements and boosting the immune system against diseases (Makker and Becker, 1997; Kyriazakis and Houdijk, 2006; Brisibe et al., 2009).
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that:
- Moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Potiskum Yobe State, contained; carbohydrate(55.14%), CP (25.9%), crude fibre (13.91%), moisture (7.94%), fat (5.85%), ash (3.72%), energy (2930.63 Kcal/Kg), phytates (2.57%), tannins (2.19%), saponins (1.06%), oxalates (0.45%), cyanides (0.1%) and Ca (2.26%), P (0.35%), Mg (0.45%), K (1.9%), Na (0.11%), Zn 34 ppm, Cu (7.5 ppm), Mn (40.5 ppm), Fe (116.5 ppm), Se (0.85 ppm),
- Final mean live body and carcass weight were higher in broiler fed with MOL and challenged with vvIBDV (A and B) (1,739 g ± 88.97 and 1,493 g ± 111.9, respectively) than those not fed with MOL but were challenged (group C) (1,453 g ± 103.4),
- Moringa oleifera leaf inclusion in the diet of broilers remarkably increased the yellowish colouration of the skin of the legs and beak of broilers in groups A (3.00 ± 0.0) and B (3.40 ± 0.24) out of a maximum scale of 4.
- Feed conversion ratio was lower in group B (0.59 ± 0.03) followed by birds ingroup A (0.72 ± 0.02), C (1.02 ± 0.07) and D (1.27 ± 0.03).
- Moringa oleifera leaf inclusion in the diet of broilers resulted in reduced feedintake, (99.77 g ± 6.43 and 108.1 g ± 7.43) and increased average daily weight gain (1,739 g ± 88.97 and 1,493 g ± 111.9) of broilers in groups A and B, respectively,
- Broilers from groups A and B had a higher return on investment (N1, 093 ± 54.11 and N9 ± 70.69, respectively) than those in groups C (N908.3 ± 63.97).
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that:
- Feedmillers be encouraged to create awareness among poultry farmers on the nutritional and health benefits of MOL inclusion in poultry feeds.
- Cropfarmers should be encouraged to cultivate more Moringa oleifera plants in order to reduce the cost of inclusion of MOL in broiler feed.
- The inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf in feeds should be recommended to farmers to reduce the feed conversion ratio of chickens.
- Histopathologicalstudies should be conducted on the immune organs of broilers fed MOL to determine the type and extent of tissue and cellular changes.
- Moringa oleifera leaf in the diet of broilers should not be used as vaccinationagainst vvIBDV.
- Feed millers are encouraged to incorporate 5% MOLin the diets of broilers in order to guide against electrolyte imbalance.
- Further studies should be conducted to determine the effect of MOL supplemented broiler diet on serum amino acids, vitamins and other minerals (Se, Zn, Fe, Cl, P, S, Cu, Cb, Mn, and I) not analysed in the present study following challenge with
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