Environmental Health Implications of Waste Generated in Abattoirs: A Case Study Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The aim of this research is to examine the environmental health implications of waste generated in the study area. This aim could be achieved through the following objectives: –
- To identify the categories of waste generated in the selected
- To highlight the implications of waste on human
- To determine the implications on the air
- To determine the implications on surface water quality
- To determine the implications on land quality
- To find out if there is any government role in waste management of the selected abattoirs.
- To determine the variation of effluent in the selected areas
- To find out perception on possible infections
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
DEFINITION OFWASTE
Waste can be defined to include any solid material or material that is suspended, dissolved, and transported in water (including sediments and which is spilled or deposited on land or into water resource) in such volume, composition or manner as to cause or to be reasonably likely to cause the water sources to be polluted.
Adedipe (2002) defines waste as any matter, whether gaseous, liquid or solid or combination which is from time to time designated by the minister by notice in the gazette as any undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, residue or remainder of any process or activity. Based on the above definition of waste given, waste can be in any form whether liquid, gaseous, or solid. This hence create an impression that waste is anything that is useless to the people of a given community which is derived from a process or activity, which in the future threatens the life of the people living around it.
ABATTOIRS
A definition from Colombia Encyclopedia 2014, asserts that an abattoir is a building for butchering that houses facilities to slaughter animals, dress, and cut and inspect meat and refrigerating, and manufactured by-products. The largest abattoirs are those of meat packaging industry. Abattoirs are also called slaughters houses. This definition gives a clear indication of the activities that are taking place in the abattoirs or slaughters houses. Abattoirs are usually under regulation by the government, and the government has the right to provide the place with all the facilities needed for the slaughtering of animals, their inspection and the processing of meat.
Veterinary Dictionary 2014, states that Abattoirs vary in sizes and sophistication depending on the location and the government ordinance, but it should confirm the following facilities or have them close by: A slaughter area, refrigerated area, condemned meat area, space for holding suspect meat, offal, gut and tripe area, hides and skin area, cutting room, dispatch area, amenities for personal uses (e.g. public conveniences), veterinary officers room, in some cases laboratory, Accommodation for animals awaiting slaughter, called lairage.
Abattoir, also known as slaughter house is a place where animals are butchered for food (Collins English Dictionary, 2011). Abattoir Acts (1988) define abattoir as any premises used for or in connection with the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption and include a slaughterhouse but does not include a place situated on a farm. Animals include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and other equine animals.
ABATTOIR BASED POLLUTANTS
Rotich et al. (2006) states that slaughterhouse are major polluters to the environment and especially rivers due to release of effluents. Wastes include paunch, blood, hair, bones, hooves and horns. Abattoir activities provide a highly suspended solid and liquid which consists of pollutants such as animal faeces, blood, fat, animal trimming, paunch content and urine. Abattoirs wastes are divided into two types, which include the following:
Solid waste that are provided during abattoirs operations are the carcass of dead animals, part of animals which are treated as inedible bones, hoofs, horns, hides and skin e.t.c. these are the waste produced from the slaughtered animals. Another sources of solid wastes in the abattoirs are animals holding area, slaughter houses and processing, waste treatment plants, unwanted hides or slain, and pieces and also unwanted carcasses and carcass parts. Manure is generated in animals holding area; materials not suitable for rendering, such as unwanted carcasses come from the processing area along with paper cardboard and plastic e.t.c. while the Liquid waste found in abattoirs are mainly blood and waste water. For hygienic reason, abattoirs use large amount of water in animal processing operation. This produces large amount of wastes that must be treated. Effective primary treatment before secondary treatment will increase the overall effectiveness and efficiency of waste water treatment system, as it is cheaper to remove physically the fat and solid than later in secondary and tertiary treatment facilities (Meadow, 1995).
Waste water produced in animal slaughter area are typically high in BOD (bio-chemical oxygen demand), is also very saline and has high level of nutrients, suspended solid, bacteria, contamination. The following ponds systems are commonly used for secondary treatment of meat: Anaerobic ponds, Facultative ponds, mechanically freed aerated ponds, naturally aerated ponds, dissolved air floatation (DAF) cells, other package treatment plants (Digby, 1996). Storm water can become contaminated when it comes into contact with animal holding pens, sludge streak piles and treatment waste water irrigated area. This contaminated storm water can have detrimental environmental effect on surrounding ecosystem. The wastes from abattoir operations which are often separated into solid, liquid and fats could be highly organic. The solid part of the wastes consist of condensed meat, undigested ingest, bones, hairs, and aborted foetuses. The liquid aspect on the other hand consists of dissolved solids, blood, guts contents, urine, and water, while fat waste consists of fat and oil. The pollution of water resources often results in the destruction of primary producers, which in turn leads to an immediate diminishing impact on fish yields with the resultant consequence of decrease in diet (Aina and Adedipe et al, 1991).
CHAPTER THREE
STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAREA
Location
Kaduna South Local Government Area is located on latitude 10o 27’ 42” N and longitude 7o 25’ 37” E. It was carved-out of the former Metropolitan Kaduna Local Government Area on the 23rd of September 1991. The Local Government is bordered by Chikun Local Government Area to the South, Kaduna North to the East, and Igabi Local Government Area to the North-West respectively. Kaduna South Local Government Area has a landmass of 950 km2. While In terms of population, it is the most populated Local Government Area in Kaduna State, with a projected population of 457,660 people (NPC, 2006).
Fig. 3.1 show the locations of abattoirs selected for study.
MAP OF KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT SHOWING THE STUDY AREA
The inhabitants of the Local Government engage mostly in trade and commerce. There are also a number of the teaming population who are engaged in public and private establishments as workers, artisans, farmers and other vocations. In the area of learning, Kaduna South has well- developed and competitive higher level of learning. The famous Federal Polytechnic Kaduna has its main campus at Tudun Wada; and College of Environmental Studies at Barnawa. Other tertiary institutions such as School of Dental and Health Technology Tudun Wada, Kaduna State Staff Training Centre, Kakuri; and the Federal Psychiatric Nursing & Training School at Barnawa. Traditionally, Kaduna South Local Government Area is within the Zazzau Emirate. Initially, the Local Government Area consists of Tudun Wada and Makera Districts, but recently additional districts have been created from the former districts respectively which include: Makera, Kakuri Hausa, Barnawa, Kakuri Gwari, Tudun Wada, Tudun Wada South, Tudun Wada West, Sabon Gari North, Sabon Gari South, Unguwan Sanusi, Badikko, Television, and Unguwan Mu’azu Districts (www.cometonigeria.com/search-by- region/north-west/kaduna-state/); Retrieved Friday 26th December, 2014. 6:14 PM
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION ANDANALYSIS
PERSONAL DATA OFRESPONDENTS
Location Distribution
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
This research focuses on the environmental health implications of waste generated in abattoirs a case study of Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The meat processing industry is considered to be an ever-growing industry in Nigeria; and more and bigger abattoirs will yet be constructed. Abattoir waste management issues will therefore be raised from time to time. We do know that abattoir waste have pollution potential. We also know that abattoir-based pollutants include animal blood, paunch manure, animal faeces, the wastewater, horns and bones. Results show a substantial amount of microbial content has been detected. Test, odour, and colour of the water also change as a result of pollutants which find its way into the water. Result also shows that there is a profound contamination of streams as a result of abattoir operation. However, based on the responses, it is clear that government do not actively partake in the management of abattoir wastes.
CONCLUSION
From the study, it is observed that all the abattoirs generate a significant amount of wastes which include Waste water, animal blood, urine, Carcass, bones, hoofs, animal faeces, hides and skin, and intestinal contents (i.e. solid and liquid). And also the burning of skins, bones also constitute a serious health hazards as it pose difficulty in breathing, and other Lungs related cancer. Based on the finding it is obvious that these wastes have profound impact in the quality of the water within the vicinity of the abattoirs. moreover, presence of micro organism has been confirmed in all the selected abattoirs; as their presence potent a serious public health hazards, and also their presence is associated with water borne diseases since the waste is discharged into the streams. The seepage of the effluent to well and borehole also constitute a serious health hazard to the public. It is however, confirmed that the present of Bacterial which include Anthrax, Q-fever, Campylobacteriosis, Ornithosis, Botulism, Staph. Salmonellosis Brucellosis, Tetanus, Yersiniosis, Clostridiosis, Glanders, e.t.c; Viral including Rift valley fever, Newcastle disease, Vesicular stomatitis, Contagious ecthyma, and Parasitic such as Taeniosis, Toxoplasmosis, Echinococcosis (indirect), Sarcosporidiosis, Trichinellosis, Fungal dermatophytosis
RECOMMENDATION
The water quality was generally below the recommended standards, it is however under threat if the present habit of discharging untreated abattoir wastes continues. Residents living within the abattoir vicinity may in no distant time begin to experience severe consequences of pollutants from abattoir activities located in their neighbourhood. Majority of the households depends on shallow well water for domestic use; and effluent may leach into the ground water table in the rainy season. In view of the findings of this work, and in addition to the fact that the abattoir is located in the heart of the town, and also, in view of the fact that the discharge of untreated abattoir wastes may continue unabated, the following recommendations are hereby made:
- Government should provide adequate waste disposal facilities to cater for both solid and liquidwaste
- Government should provide modern abattoirs to the affected communities with a view to ensure a healthy abattoir
- Government should intensify effort towards a more hygienic evacuation of abattoir wastes to the proper waste disposal point in order to lessen the menace
- The problems of wastes generated in abattoirs can be better managed and corrected if proper assessment of the amount of wastes generated are properly documented. This would help in accurate prediction of the best method to manage the wastes
- Enforcement of existing health and hygiene regulations guiding abattoirs should be strengthen and offenders be punished.
- Development of appropriate technology, which will take care of all the wastes being generated in the abattoirs, including abattoir wastewater treatment and recycling for irrigation, compost and biogas production and also the provision of modern abattoir
- And finally, it is important to note that holistic approach have to be employed in order to solve the problem; and also it is the responsibility of all both Governmental institution, Private organizations, NGO’S, Individual, Civil societies and communities as a whole to ensure a healthy-free society by following all safety measures towards abattoirs
REFERENCE
- Abattoir Acts 1988. Http//www.Irishstatutebook.i.e/1988/en/act/pub/0008/index.
- Html. (Retrieved 13/06/ 2014)
- Abdulmalik M. S. (2009). Wastes Management Practices in Selected Abattoirs a Case Study of Katsina LGA of Katsina State, unpublished.
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- Adesemoye, et al. (2006) Microbial Content of Abattoir Waste and its Contaminated Soil in Lagos, Nigeria. Http//:www.academicjounals. org/ABJ/PDF/…/ Adesemoye %20et%20al.pdf. (Retrieved 7/09/2014).
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