Extraction and Characterization of Oil From Date Seed
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is centered on acquiring the general knowledge of separating a particular component from it mixture with other component successfully, while the objective is to carry out the extraction of oil from date seed using the separation method known as leaching.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF DATE SEED
Phoenix dactylifera commonly known as the date palm, is a palm in the genus phoenix, extensively cultivation for fruit, its exact native distribution is known, but probably originated some where in the desert cases of northern Africa, and also Western Asia. It is a medium-sized plant, 15-25m tall, often clumped with several plants from a single root system, but often growing single as well. The leaves are pinnate, 3.5m long, with spines on the petiole and about 150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30cm long and 2cm brond. The full span of the crown range from 6 to 12.
Dates have been a staple food of the middle fast for thousands of years. They are believed to have originated around the persion Gulf, and have been cultivated since ancient times from Mesopotamia to prelustonic Egypt, possibly as early as 4,000 BCE. The Ancient Egyptian used the fruit to be made into date winem and alte then at harvest. There is archaeological evidence of date cultivation in eastern Arabia in 6000 BCE. (Alvarez-mon, 2006).
The fruit is known as date. The fruit’s English name as well as the latin species name declyliferas, both, come from the from Greek word for ‘finger’ daktulos, because of the fruit’s elongated shape. Dates are oval-cylindrical, 3-7cm long, and 2.3cm diameter, and when unripe, range from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on the variety. Dates contain a single seed about 2-2 -5cm long and 6-8 mm thick. Three main cultivator groups of date exist. Soft (e.g ‘Barhes’ ‘Halawy’ ‘Medjcol, semi-dry (e.g Dnyr’ ‘Deglet Noor, Zaludi), and dry (e.g Theory). The type of fruit depends on the glucose, fructose and sucrose content.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter both equipment and material are described and explained with relevance to those used in this project.
EQUIPMENT
List Equipment Used.
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
RESULT
PRESENTATION OF RESULT
Quantity of oil extracted
CHAPER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
The reference sample used for the extraction (leaching) process is grinded date seed that is classified into three particle size ranging from 710min, 1mm and 2mm. The result obtained shown or confirms that the size of the particle is a very important factor that can either increase or decrease the rate of extraction.
The solvent used for the extraction process is hexane which it evaporating or escaping tendency is in between that of petroleum ether and ethanol that is it should not be too high and also not too low. Hexane is less toxic and has a high extraction rate.
Date seed oil may be regarded as oleic-lauric oil because of their high composition in the fatty acid and the low acid content of the oil show that the oil is edible and consumable. However, the low oil content of date seeds (7 to 10%) result in little commercial interest by the oil extraction industry. Date seed oil would appear to be useful in cosmetics pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergent, chemical intermediates and food application.
RECOMMENDATION
At the end of this project experiement the following recommendation are been suggested.
- That student should practicalize on the oil by using it in the production of soap and detergent, and cosmetics.
- The equipment in the chemical engineering laboratory should be sufficient and available to student toc arry out their practical in due time.
REFERENCE
- Perry, P.H, and D.W Green (eds). Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th edittor Newyork Mcgraw-Hill, 1997.
- Sherwood T.K., R.l. Pigford, and C.R. Wilke. Mass transfer Newyork; Magraw-Hill, 1975.
- Waren, L.M;J.C. Smith and P. Hatarrist unit operation of chemical engineering Science 7th edition Newyork margraw hill, 2005.
- Harrison, R.G., P. Todsd, S.R. Rudge, and D.P. Petrides Bioseparation Science and Engineering, New York. Offord Press, 2003.
- Peter J.W, P.J Wakelyn Technology and solvent for extract oil seeds and non pretoleum oil (1997).