Factors Contributing to Malnutrition in Children 0-5 Years of Age in Idjie Community, Esan North East Uromi Edo State
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study;
- To ascertain the causes of malnutrition of children from 0-5 age idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state
- To ascertain the possible way of reducing malnutrition in idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state
- To ascertain the effect of malnutrition in the growth of children from 0-5 of age in idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is a broad term that refers to “all deviations from adequate and optimal nutritional status” resulting from specific nutrient deficiencies or diets based on inappropriate combinations or proportions of foods. There are two forms of malnutrition: overnutrition and undernutrition. Overnutrition is the hyper-consumption of calories and nutrients beyond levels necessary for growth, development, and metabolic functioning. Overnutrition can lead to obesity. Undernutrition, often used interchangeably with malnutrition, results primarily from inadequate intake of dietary energy but may also be caused by infections that limit absorption of key nutrients. Undernutrition is further subdivided into two fluid disease categories that have different impacts: micronutrient deficiencies result from insufficient consumption of vitamins (for example, vitamin A, vitamin B), and minerals (for example, zinc, iodine, iron); and protein-energy malnutrition results from insufficient calorie and macronutrient (for example, protein) consumption. Based upon the type of nutritional deficit, an individual is said to be acutely and/or chronically malnourished. Acute malnutrition is caused by a sudden decrease in food consumption that results in rapid weight loss and a physical inability to meet the energetic needs of the body. Acute malnutrition is the most visible form of malnutrition and is typified by severe wasting (disproportional weight for height) and/or edema (the retention of fluid). Acute malnutrition can lead to reductions in age-appropriate growth, depressed immune functioning, fluid overload, heart failure, infection, and death. The prevalence of acute malnutrition within a displaced populations is often used as an indicator of the severity of the humanitarian crisesis. Chronic malnutrition is the result of inadequate nutrition over a long period of time and is not always as visible as acute malnutrition. It can begin in utero with poor maternal nutrition and persist through inadequate feeding practices and suboptimal food quality. Frequent exposure to bacterial infections can further contribute. Chronic malnutrition most commonly manifests through physical stunting—the term used to describe individuals whose weight and height may appear proportional but who are shorter and slighter than their full genetic potential. The severity of chronic and acute malnutrition is diagnosed using anthropomorphic measures. Those with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) or moderate chronic malnutrition (MCM) are 2–3 standard deviations below the population’s weight for age and height for weight averages. Similarly, those who are severely acutely malnourished (SAM) or severely chronically malnourished (SCM) are at least 3 standard deviations below the population’s growth averages.
MALNUTRITION IN CHILDHOOD
Malnutrition is among the four leading causes of child mortality around the globe. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported malnutrition was linked to 45% of all childhood deaths. Malnutrition is a contributing factor in the deaths of 60.7% of children diagnosed with diarrheal diseases, 57.3% of deaths associated with malaria, 52.3% deaths associated with pneumonia, and 44.8% of deaths from measles. The UN Standing Committee on Nutrition estimated 26.5% of children in developing countries were stunted in 2005,5 and one year later, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported South Asia had a 46% prevalence of stunting in children under five. Children are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition during the first 1,000 days following conception. Inadequate nutrition during this period can lead to delayed and impaired cognitive and physical development. This malnutrition-based damage is largely irreversible and can lead to poor school and work achievement and an increased risk for developing diseases later in life. In 2007, the International Child Development Steering Group found that children raised with limited access to nutritional resources were less likely to be socially and economically productive adults. This finding supported the inextricable link between childhood malnutrition and poverty later in life.
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
Food insecurity, or an inability to access enough food, is often cited as a cause of malnutrition. The FAO has outlined six factors that work together to predispose individuals to food: agricultural production of food; the preservation of food (including processing); the population, in terms of child spacing and overall density; the prevalence of poverty; political ideologies; and disease and infection epidemiology .Usually there is not one single cause of malnutrition, but various factors at both the individual and communal levels that contribute.
Chapter Three
Research methodology
Research Design
The research design adopted in this research work is the survey research design which involves the usage of self-designed questionnaire in the collection of data. Under the survey research design, primary data of this study will be collected from idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state in order to determine Factors contributing to malnutrition in children 0-5 years of age in idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state. The design was chosen because it enables the researcher to collect data without manipulation of any variables of interest in the study. The design also provides opportunity for equal chance of participation in the study for respondents.
Population of Study
The population of study is the census of all items or a subject that possess the characteristics or that have the knowledge of the phenomenon that is being studied (Asiaka, 1991). It also means the aggregate people from which the sample is to be drawn.
Population is sometimes referred to as the universe. The population of this research study will be Seventy-five (75) residents of idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter is about the analysis and presentation of data collected from the field through questionnaire. The analysis of the data with particular question immediately followed by the presentation of findings.
As mentioned in chapter three, 50 questionnaires were administered and 50 were retrieved and necessary analysis was carried out on them and presented as follows:
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain factors contributing to malnutrition in children 0-5 years of age in idjie community,Esan north east Uromi edo state. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of factors contributing to malnutrition in children 0-5 years of age
Summary
This study was on factors contributing to malnutrition in children 0-5 years of age in idjie community,Esan north east Uromi Edo state. Four objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the causes of malnutrition of children from 0-5 age idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state, to ascertain the possible way of reducing malnutrition in idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state and to ascertain the effect of malnutrition in the growth of children from 0-5 of age in idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 residents of idjie community, Esan north east Uromi Edo state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made of married men, married women, youths and students were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
Poor diet, mental health problems, mobility problems, digestive disorders and stomach conditions, alcoholism etc all are the causes of malnutrition. It was also concluded by the researcher from the available literature that loss of fat, difficulty in respiration, and complication during surgery are the main sign and symptoms of malnutrition. Furthermore, under nutrition can lead the body toward weakness and over nutrition lead the body toward obesity
Recommendation
- Parents should try reduce the size of the family for proper nutrition
- Individual family should produce children depends on their financial status for proper nutrition
REFERENCES
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