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Sociology Project Topics

Implications of Cigarette Smoking Among the Youth. Case Study- Youth of Umukparakpara Village of Akatta in Oru East Lga in Imo State

Implications of Cigarette Smoking Among the Youth. Case Study- Youth of Umukparakpara Village of Akatta in Oru East Lga in Imo State

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Implications of Cigarette Smoking Among the Youth. Case Study- Youth of Umukparakpara Village of Akatta in Oru East Lga in Imo State

CHAPTER ONE

objectives ofย thisย studyย areย to:

  1. Assess individual/personal factors that contribute to cigarette smoking among youths at the Umukparakpara village.
  2. Determine socio-cultural factors that contribute to cigarette smoking among youths at the Umukparakpara village.
  3. Determine environmental factors that contribute to cigarette smoking at the Umukparakpara village.
  4. Assess students perceptions regarding health consequences of cigarette smoking at the Umukparakpara village.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATUREย REVIEW

Introduction

Literature review refers to an account of what has been published on a particular topic byย scholars and researchers (Babbie, 2012). The literature was reviewed in two phases which areย data-basedย andย based onย theoreticalย frameworks.ย Theย aimย ofย theย literatureย reviewย wasย toย become knowledgeable about the main published works concerning cigarette smoking amongย youths. Reputable websites were consulted such as Science Direct, Ebscohost,ย Sabinet and PubMed. The Boolean method was used to search for key words such as factors orย smoking or youths. The literature review was done according to the objectives of theย study.

Factorsย thatย contributeย toย cigaretteย smoking among youths

Socio-culturalย factorsย contributingย toย cigaretteย smoking

Social factors are determined by a personโ€™s thoughts, feelings and behavior that can be largelyย influenced by their society and cultural beliefs (Reddy, Fashola, Shisana, Jonas, and Sewpaulย 2015). Cigarette smoking is determined by the social environment where one lives.ย Youngย people who reside in communities where smoking is a culturally approved event are likely toย smoke. A quantitative study conducted in five European universities reported that cigaretteย smokingย amongย youthsย wasย influencedย byย theย culturalย differencesย thatย existedย among communities (Jewell 2015, and Radi et al., 2014).Students who came from culturalย groups thatย smoked cigarettesย hadย a greaterย chanceย toย smoke inย comparisonย to thoseย whoย cameย fromย non-smoking cultural communities (Karimy, Niknami,ย Heidarnia, andย Shamsi, 2013).

In a similar study conducted in Nigeria by Egbe, Petersen, Meyer-Weitz and Asante (2014)ย revealed that students who are raised in communities that promote cigarette smoking throughย the use of cultural events that include ceremonies and medicinal uses of tobacco are likely toย smoke cigarettes due to positive social perception of cigarette smoking within the communities.ย Jewell (2015) argues that having role models in the communities such as the traditional leadersย whoย smokeย canย influenceย studentsย toย startย smoking.ย Havingย subjectiveย normsย couldย alsoย significantly predict intention to initiate smoking. Karimy, Niknami, Heidarnia, and Shamsi (2013)ย reportedย thatย subjectiveย normsย ofย studentsย onย smokingย couldย significantlyย predictย intentionย to initiate smoking. The norms could be as a result of social environment where the student isย exposedย to.

Students who have friends that smoke cigarette at university are more likely to initiate smoking.ย Ngahane,ย Ekoboย andย Kuabanย (2015)ย foundย thatย theย mostย importantย independentย factorย associated with cigarette smoking among youths was having friends who smoked. Evidenceย from two longitudinal studies conducted in the USA showed that non-smoking students who hadย friends who smoked were more likely to start smoking in the future than those without anyย smoking friends (Freedman, 2012). Bowing down to peer pressure is one of the major reasonsย whyย theย studentsย initiateย smoking.ย Inย aย studyย conductedย inย Nigeriaย byย Egbe,ย etย alย (2014)ย revealed that most of the current smokers started smoking in the company of friends followed byย beingย inย the company ofย relatives.

Having a parent who smoked also influenced people to start smoking cigarettes. A study byย Reddy et al (2015) reported that parental/guardian smoking was significantly associated withย smoking among youths in tertiary institution. The influence of parental smoking on youthsย smoking behavior was confirmed by Bricker, Schuck, Otten, Kleinjan, and Engels (2014) in aย cohort study concerning five thousand families. The study finding is confirmed by the outcomesย ofย other studies conductedย in developingย countries as well as in developed countries (Radi etย al., 2014). In fact, children are more likely to imitate the behaviors and attitudes of their parentsย who are considered by them as models. This is indicated by a study conducted at a University inย Imo state that youth who come from family members that smoke are 50%ย likely to smoke due to exposure (Kruger et al., 2016). Therefore,ย social and family situationsย haveย anย influenceย onย cigaretteย smokingย amongย youthsย (Smith,ย Bean,ย Mitchell,ย Speizerย andย Friesย 2016).

 

CHAPTERย THREE

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RESEARCHย METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter outlines the research design, study setting, study population, sampling method andย procedure,ย dataย collectionย instrumentย andย procedure,ย dataย analysis,ย validityย andย reliability,ย ethicalย considerationsย andย theย dissemination ofย results.

Researchย Approach:ย Quantitativeย Approach

Research design is a procedure for collecting, interpreting analysing, and reporting data in aย research study (Monette, Sullivan, Dejong, Hilton, 2014). A quantitative study is a study that isย usedย toย quantifyย theย problemย byย wayย ofย generatingย numericalย dataย orย dataย thatย canย beย transformedย intoย usableย statisticsย (Engelย andย Schutt,ย 2013). Thisย studyย utilisedย quantitativeย approach because it offers a high level of measurement by measuring how many people feel,ย thinkย orย behaveย inย aย certainย way.ย Furthermore,ย theย quantitativeย techniqueย minimizesย theย researcherโ€™s bias as compared to a qualitative approach where there is interaction between theย researcherย and the participants.

Studyย Design

The study adopted a cross sectional and descriptive design which describes a phenomenon atย oneย pointย inย time ratherย thanย severalย points.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONSย OFย RESULTS

Introduction

Chapterย fourย outlinesย theย resultsย ofย thisย survey.ย Firstly,ย theย descriptionย ofย theย (i)ย socio-ย demographics; (ii) the relationships of socio-demographic factors and smoking status of theย students (iii) Individual factors, social cultural and environmental factors contributing to studentsย to smoke on campus. This was followed by a cross tabulation of contributing factors with socioย demographics.ย Lastlyย theย cigaretteย smokingย andย itsย implicationsย wereย presented.ย Theย responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The data is beenย presentedย inย tablesย andย graphs.

The studyย responseย rate

The overall response rate was considered as very high. Out of 427 questionnaires administered,ย 407ย wereย completed and returned toย theย researcher. Thisย translatesย toย 95%ย responseย rate.

CHAPTERย FIVE

SUMMARY,ย CONCLUSIONSย ANDย RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

This chapter outlines the summary, conclusions and recommendations based on the studyย objectives.ย Thisย isย basedย onย theย researchย findingsย thatย isย presentedย andย discussedย inย theย previous chapters. The study established several findings which make a direct contribution toย knowledge and policy formulation. Recommendations both for further research as well as policyย andย practiceย haveย been made.

Executiveย Summary

The aim of the study was to investigate factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its implications among Youth of Umukparakpara village of Akatta in Oru East LGA in imo state. A self-administered questionnaire wasย formulated in line with study objectives in order to collect data. The data was captured in a Microย soft excel spread sheet and transferred to Statistics Package for Social Sciences. Researchย conclusions have been outlined and it has been indicated that individual factors, socio-culturalย factorsย and environmental factorsย have a negative impactย onย the smokingย status ofย students.ย Theย resultsย fromย theย studyย couldย formย aย databaseย forย furtherย comparativeย studies.ย Recommendations have been drafted in line with the study objectives. The study reviewedย previous studies with a view to establish academic gaps which the present study sought toย bridge.ย Thisย wasย doneย throughย libraryย research.

Individualย factors

One of the study objectives was to assess individual factors contributing to cigarette smokingย among Youth of Umukparakpara village of Akatta in Oru East LGA in imo state. The study findings revealed that the majority ofย respondents agreed that students smoked cigarette because they believe smoking enhancesย their academic performance, expression of freedom, depression, experiencing stress due toย various reasons, and having lack of knowledge regarding the implications of smoking. Theย study further revealed that a minority of students reported that students disagreed that studentsย smoke due to role models who are smokers, believe in themselves, and as a way of losingย weight.

Socio-culturalย factors

Theย secondย studyย objectiveย wasย toย assessย socio-culturalย factorsย contributingย toย cigaretteย smoking. The majority of the respondents agreed to a very great extent that students smokedย cigarettes due to attendance of social events, having friends who smoked cigarettes, havingย family members who smoke, roommates who smoke,ย a community that endorses cigaretteย smoking, and the belief that smoking extends social interactions. The study findings furtherย revealed that students smoked cigarettes due to medical problems and a culture that permitsย themย to smokeย toย aย lesserย extent.

Environmentalย factors

Theย thirdย objectiveย wasย toย establishย theย influenceย ofย environmentalย factorsย contributingย toย cigaretteย smokingย among Youth of Umukparakpara village of Akatta in Oru East LGA in imo state.ย Theย measurementย ofย thisย objective was based on one indicator namely; environmental factors. The major finding was thatย most students strongly agreed that availability of cigarettes in every corner of the campus madeย them smoke, lack of rules prohibiting smoking, new environment without parents and guardian,ย regular adverts ofย cigarettes on mass media and social media, lack of anti-smoking postersย makeย studentsย toย smokeย andย observationย ofย otherย studentsย smokingย encouragesย cigaretteย smoking. All these are environmental factors influencing students to smoke cigarettes at theย Umukparakpara villageย inย Nigeria.

Knowledgeย ofย implicationsย regardingย cigaretteย smoking

Theย fourthย objectiveย ofย theย studyย wasย toย establishย knowledgeย aboutย theย implicationsย ofย cigaretteย smokingย among youthsย atย theย Umukparakpara village.ย Theย measurementย ofย thisย objective was based on one indicator namely; awareness of implications of cigarette smoking.ย The major finding was that most students were very much aware that smoking causes lungย diseases, lung cancer, heart diseases, hypertension, infertility problems, affect unborn babies,ย causes malnutrition, cause wound healing delays, secondhand effect and triggers asthma. Allย theseย areย implicationsย ofย cigaretteย smokingย likelyย toย beย experiencedย byย studentsย ifย theyย continuedย smoking.

Conclusionย ofย theย Study

The study found that there exists a positive association between smoking status and healthย consequencesย andย smokingย statusย andย demographicย factors.ย Individualย factors,ย socio-cultural factors,ย andย environmentalย factorsย influenceย cigaretteย smokingย among youthsย atย theย Umukparakpara village.

Recommendationsย of theย study

Onย theย basisย ofย theย above conclusions, theย followingย recommendationsย were made aboutย factorsย contributingย to cigaretteย smoking.

Recommendationsย forย policyย makers

  • Banning of cigarette smoking in public places and the implementation of stiffer measuresto control the availability and accessibility of cigarettes to the community could reduceย smokingย amongย young
  • Strictpoliciesย shouldย beย enactedย toย handleย smokingย issuesย inย theย country;ย theย Department of Health must intensify its anti-drug campaigns in order to have smokeโ€“freeย societyย withย aย special focusย on theย young
  • The government should prevent selling of cigarettes to students in shops and otherplacesย near theย schools whichย wouldย beย inย lineย with theย lawsย of
  • The government and concerned parties should make concerted efforts in restricting thespreadย ofย theย banย ofย cigaretteย smokingย amongย ourย youthsย throughย awareness
  • The government should impose taxes on cigarettes to increase cost of production andconsequently increases pricesย ofย tobacco andย discourageย its
  • The ministry of health working with other ministries and youth organizations should establish committee to be concerned with tobacco as a public health

Recommendationsย toย theย tertiaryย institution

  • There is therefore a need for the institution to integrate health education program in thebasic study programs, to address the knowledge gap and risk behaviors of cigarette
  • There,shouldย beย anย implementationย ofย aย healthย educationย programmesย atย tertiaryย institutionsย thatย areย aimedย atย creatingย awarenessย andย impartingย lifeย skillsย thatย areย necessaryย forย criticalย thinking,ย conduciveย toย constructiveย peerย relationsย andย healthy
  • Thestudyย recommendsย universitiesย toย installย anti-smokingย signageย onย allย universityย premises to ensure a smoke free environment aimed at protecting students from beingย exposedย toย cigarette smoking.
  • The study suggests that universities provide educational programmes that teach healthrisks ofย cigarette smokingย and the skills that are necessary to protect students fromย beingย tempted to smoke

Recommendationย forย students/ย communityย members

  • Parentsshouldย beย awareย ofย theirย youngstersย and their friends.
  • Adultsinย ourย schoolsย andย universitiesย whereย youngย peopleย areย commonlyย foundย shouldย setย good examplesย byย roleย modelingย the
  • Religiousorganizations suchย asย churchesย and mosquesย should fightย against cigaretteย smokingย inย the formย of
  • Parents shouldteachย theirย youngstersย onย theย effectsย ofย cigarette smokingย onย theirย health,ย societyย andย humanย dignity,ย sinceย charityย beginsย at
  • Studentsshouldย chooseย theirย friendsย wiselyย andย beย ableย toย distinguishย betweenย whatย isย rightย and whatย is
  • Declaring the Umukparakpara villageโ€™s campus as a โ€œtobacco free zoneโ€ will help to protect students from exposure to both active and passive smoking

Recommendationsย toย Campusย Healthย Authorities

  • Health promotion practitioners on campus need to conduct youth-friendly adverts thatdiscourage young people from cigarette smoking and encourage those already smokingย to quit
  • Another recommendation is that there should be a department at the university that is in charge for counseling of stressed students and policies should be formulated that are aimed at preventing depression among

REFERENCE

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