Integrating Databases and Wordnet for Semantic Search
CHAPTER ONE
AIM
Thisย workย aimedย atย assessingย theย qualityย ofย someย selectedย locallyย andย foreignย manufacturedย toothpastes,ย usedย inย Nigeriaย Markets.
Objectives
The aim of this research will be achieved through the following objectives
- Evaluation of some physical parameters of toothpaste (colour, moisture and volatile content, pH) using recommended
- Investigation of the bacteriological and microbial status of the toothpaste, using standard
- Investigation of fluoride concentration in toothpaste
- Determination of Heavy metals levels (Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni and Zn) and TiO2ย contaminationย inย toothpastesย using AASย and x-rayย Spectrometer respectively.
- Investigation of sodium saccharin, ย sodium lauryl sulphate concentration in the selected toothpaste using UV-Spectrophotometer.
- Carryoutย correlationย analysisย toย compareย theย levelsย ofย theseย substancesย inย theย foreignย andย local
- Comparing the obtained results with set standards by regulatory
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATUREย REVIEW
Saccharinย
Saccharinย (1,ย 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-1,ย 1-dioxide)ย isย anย artificialย sweetener.ย Saccharin and its salts are intense sweeteners, being about 300-500 times sweeter thanย sucrose in aqueous solution (Martindale, 2002). Saccharin is not only soluble in water butย its commercially available sodium salt, used as a non-nutritive sweetener, is freely solubleย in water. Saccharin, a petroleum- based sugar substitute is used in softย drinks, dietย foodย and personal hygiene products such as lip balm and tooth paste. Saccharin derives its nameย from the word saccharine, meaning, relating to or resembling that of sugar. Saccharin isย unstable when heated but it does not react chemically with other food ingredients. As such,ย it stores well. Blends of saccharin with other sweeteners are often used to compensate forย each sweeteners weakness or faults. Saccharin is believed to be an important discovery,ย especially for diabetics, as it goes directly through the human digestive system withoutย being digested. Although saccharin has no food energy, it can trigger the release of insulinย in human and rats, presumably as a result of its taste (Just et al., 2008; Lonescu et al.,ย 1988),ย as canย otherย sweetenersย like aspartame.
History
Saccharin was first produced in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg, a Chemist workingย on coal tar derivatives in Ira Remsen’s Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University. Theย sweetย tasteย ofย saccharinย wasย discoveredย whenย Fahlbergย noticedย aย sweetย tasteย onย hisย hand
one evening, and connected this with the compound that he had been working on that dayย (Myers and Richard, 2007). Although saccharin was commercialized not long after itsย discovery, it was not until the sugar shortage during World War I that its use becameย widespread. Its popularity further increased during the 1960s and 1970s among dieters,ย since saccharinย is a calorie-freeย sweetener.
CHAPTER THREE
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MATERIALSย ANDย METHODS
MATERIALSย /ย EQUIPMENT
Listย ofย apparatusย andย equipment
- AAS: Varianย ย Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.
- Analytical balance: Sartorius Analytical
- Beaker โ50ย cm3, 100ย cm3, 250ย cm3
- Conical flask โ 12 cm3ย , 250ย cm3
- Crucibles
- Desiccators
- Filter paperโ whatmanย ย 42ย grades
- Fume cupboard
- Funnel
- Furnace
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTSย ANDย ANALYSIS
Generalย Characteristicsย ofย Samples
A total of ten (10) toothpaste samples, consisting of six (6) local and four (4)ย foreign toothpastes were obtained for the study. All the samples were in molten form (gel-ย like). The toothpastes sampled were labeled T1 to T10. The parameters analyzed wereย compared with set standards were applicable and the results obtained are as reported.ย Appendixย Aย gives generalย characteristicsย ofย theย sampledย toothpaste.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The result obtained from the bacteriological examination (Table 4.1) shows that allย the sampled toothpaste were all sterile as no bacterial or fungal isolates were identified inย any of the sampled toothpaste. This result is as expected; toothpaste medium must notย support bacterial growth. According to the SON standard for toothpaste, the tolerable limitย for the total viable count (TVC) of microorganisms per gram of toothpaste is 300 cfยต/g. E.ย coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas arugenisa must be absent. Hence, the result obtained from the present study shows that the microbial load of toothpaste sold in Nigeria meets the criteria set by SON.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONย ANDย RECOMMENDATION
Conclusionย
In the present study, the pH of various brands of toothpastes analyzed ranged from 5.20 to 8.42, only six (6), out of the ten (10)ย sampled toothpastes complied with theย NAFDAC set standard of 6 to 7. The moisture and volatile matter content of the toothpasteย were also less than 50% as specified by WHO. The microbial load of the toothpastesย showed that they were all sterile as no bacterial or fungal isolates were identified in anyย sampled toothpastes and the concentration of the fluoride in the sampled toothpastes wereย withinย the specifiedย limits,ย hence complyingย toย setย standards.
Toothpastes of nowadays are a heavy mix of chemicals, some are prepared to suit aย particular need of the consumer e.g. T10, is a smokers toothpaste, which is designed toย remove stubborn stains from the tooth, hence making it stain free. T8, which is a herbalย based toothpaste, contain a lot of plant extracts. It was designed to meetย the needs ofย consumersย whoย preferย toย stickย toย naturalย products.
Recommendations
It is recommended that a guideline be made for the permissible level of saccharin;ย SLS and TiO2ย used in toothpastes and these should be monitored from time to time toย ensure thatย toothpaste doย notย poseย healthย challenge toย consumers.
The need to stick to the directions given for the use of toothpastes most especiallyย whereย childrenย andย pregnantย womenย are concernedย shouldย be emphased.
Further studies should be conducted to include other toxic substances like triclosan,ย diethyleneย glycol, xylitol and PEG which are other harmful substances usedย inย someย toothpastes.
REFERENCES
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