Investigating the Cases of Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Using Dynamic Statistical Techniques
Chapter One
Aims and Objective
The main objectives of the study is to Investigating The Cases Of Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Using Dynamic Statistical Techniques.
The following are the specific objectives
- To predict the impulse-response between confirmed cases of COVID-19 and COVID-19-attributable deaths
- To investigate the relationship between COVID-19 attributable deaths and confirmed cases
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Concept of National Policy on Education
The National Policy on Education is a policy document of the government that contains the philosophy of Nigeria education. It presents the goals, purposes and orientations of all levels and aspects of the education system (Ezema 2009). It has various sections such as philosophy of Education in Nigeria, Pre-secondary education, Secondary Education, Secondary Education, Teacher Education, Adult Education, Special Education, Educational Services, and Financing of Education (FRN, 2004).
It is an important document that contains an attractive plan for the educational system of the country. It tries as much as possible to address the needs, interest and aspirations of Nigerians. This is quite unlike the educational system of the colonial masters that failed woefully to satisfy the needs of the people. It became very irrelevant in addressing national needs, goals and the aspiration of the nation (FRN, 2004). As a result of this, there was an expression of general dissatisfaction with the system. This led to the convocation of national curriculum conference in 1969. The conference was well attended by all the segments of the society. According to Aguokogbuo (2009) the 1969 conference was well attended by people from diverse backgrounds which include trade unions, farmerโs union, women organization, religious bodies, professional organizations (medicine, Legal, Engineering etc) lecturers from higher institutions, administrations and representatives from the governments of the twelve states of Nigeria, among others.
Consequently, the conference was followed with a seminar in 1973. Experts from different fields including external bodies deliberated on what a national policy on education of Nigeria as a nation should be. A draft document was produced by the participants in the seminar. After due modifications and corrections from comments and observations from relevant and interest groups, the final document of the National Policy on Education emerged in 1977. Since the inception, it has been reviewed three times (1981, 1998 and 2004). This is the document on which the present study hinges. The study intends to find out the state of art in nursery schools using the National Policy Pre-secondary Education as a bench mark.
Overview of Coronavirusย Disease
Coronavirus Disease is a contagious disease that first emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019. It was later coded โCOVID-19โ by the W.H.O which stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019. The Coronavirus outbreak remains one of the worst global pandemics for decades. The mortality rate soared and the easy of spread was upsetting. Research shows that older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer were more likely to develop serious illnesses from coronavirus (W.H.O, 2020). Some of the symptoms of Coronavirus include; Sore throat, runny nose, constant coughing/sneezing, breathing difficulty and fatigue.
Image 1: Illustration of the Morphology of Coronaviruses; the club-shaped viral spike pelomers, coloured red, create the look of a corona surrounding the virion when observed with an electron (Wikipedia, 2020a -SARS- CoV-2 without background.png).
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Asย atย theย timeย ofย thisย study,ย thereย wereย noย reliableย treatmentsย forย Coronavirus,ย butย aย seriesย ofย researchesย were inย theย pipelineย acrossย theย worldย towardsย findingย aย clinicalย vaccineย forย theย contagion.ย However,ย recentย eventsย shows that behavioural change can help contain the spread of coronavirus. Some of the suggested measures to halt the coronavirus pandemic include;, improved individual habits such as personal hygiene, including constant washing ofย handsย withย alcohol-basedย sanitizers,ย goodย respiratoryย attitudeย (closeย coughingย andย sneezing),ย andย otherย personal protection practices like wearing of face mask, social distancing, avoiding touching of the face, and reducing contacts with people through self-isolation at home or avoiding nonessential travels or gatherings. Coronavirus is aย globalย problemย thatย requiresย moreย actionย coordinationย andย globalย cooperationย toย successfullyย containย theย outbreak and to deal with its aftermath effects.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
ย Data description
Data were collated from the Center for disease and control ย in China website. The data spans from 21 January 2020 to 20 February 2020 and were preprocessed from wide to long, a replica of panel data and time series setting. The data consist of four health indicators such as deaths, confirmed cases, suspected cases, and recovered cases across 31 Provinces/States in China namely Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanghai, Tianjin, Tibet, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Yunnan and Xinjiang. Our intial observation of data available and presented in Figure 1 shows a widespread of case-patients in Hubei Province compared to other locations (Figure 2). This validates the exact location, the city of Wuhan, where the outbreak was first reported. We observe a daily average of about 1000 confirmed cases, 60 deaths and 161 recovered cases.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS ANDย DISCUSSION
Data Presentation And Analysis
The parameter estimation of the relationship between novel corona- virus attributable deaths and con๏ฌrmed cases of COVID-19 is presented in Tableย 1. The estimated models are statistically signi๏ฌcant at 5% level (95% CI) and a corresponding predictive power (R-squared) between 68%-100%. The modi๏ฌed wald statistic (MWALD) of Model 3 rejects the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity. Meaning that the effect of con๏ฌrmed cases on the novel coronavirus attributable deaths is hetero- geneous across Provinces/States in China. In both panel and time series models presented, the lagged-dependent variable (LDV) of coronavirus attributable deaths (lnDeathst-1) is positive and statistically signi๏ฌcant at 1% level except Model 5 which shows a signi๏ฌcant (99% CI) negative coef๏ฌcient. LDV was introduced in the models to control for omitted variable bias and account for the inertia effects of the reported corona- virus attributable deaths. The positive coef๏ฌcient of lnDeathst-1ย inย almost all the models reveals that the historical factors of coronavirusย attribut- ableย deathsย areย persistentย andย likelyย toย affectย futureย reportedย deaths.ย On theย contrary,ย whenย unobservedย commonย factorsย affectingย coronavirus attributable deaths are controlled in Model 5, the coef๏ฌcient onย LDV turnsย negative.ย Meaningย thatย theย inertiaย effectย ofย historicalย deathsย is curtailed, hence, reducing the impact of con๏ฌrmedย cases.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Ourย studyย presentedย isย basedย onย phenomenologicalย modelsย butย notย a clinicalย procedure,ย hence,ย careย shouldย beย takenย inย theย interpretationย of the outcome. We demonstrated that the effect of con๏ฌrmed cases on COVID-19 attributable-deaths is perfectly linear whereas the impactย of con๏ฌrmedย casesย onย recoveryย casesย followsย aย nonlinearย path.ย Ourย study suffersย fromย theย limitationย ofย earlyย caseย investigationย andย historicalย data, hence,ย ourย estimationย resultsย mayย changeย atย theย latterย stageย ofย theย novel coronavirusย diseaseย (COVID-19).ย Inย viewย ofย this,ย weย utilizedย aย batteryย of estimationย approachย toย increaseย theย sensitivityย andย robustnessย ofย the models.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the researchers hereby recommends that:
- The Minister of education should direct all secondary ย Schools administrators to come up with strategies to cover up the one month teaching and learning gap created as result of the COVID-19 schools closed down
- The Schools administrators should ensure teachers develop strategies to cover all their scheme of work for the term before going for internal examinations
- The government should provide all infrastructural facilities that will support online education in all the secondary schools in Nigeria to prevent any eventuality of future close down of schools because ofpandemic
References
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