Investigating the Cases of Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Using Dynamic Statistical Techniques
Chapter One
Aims and Objective
The main objectives of the study is to Investigating The Cases Of Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Using Dynamic Statistical Techniques.
The following are the specific objectives
- To predict the impulse-response between confirmed cases of COVID-19 and COVID-19-attributable deaths
- To investigate the relationship between COVID-19 attributable deaths and confirmed cases
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Concept of National Policy on Education
The National Policy on Education is a policy document of the government that contains the philosophy of Nigeria education. It presents the goals, purposes and orientations of all levels and aspects of the education system (Ezema 2009). It has various sections such as philosophy of Education in Nigeria, Pre-secondary education, Secondary Education, Secondary Education, Teacher Education, Adult Education, Special Education, Educational Services, and Financing of Education (FRN, 2004).
It is an important document that contains an attractive plan for the educational system of the country. It tries as much as possible to address the needs, interest and aspirations of Nigerians. This is quite unlike the educational system of the colonial masters that failed woefully to satisfy the needs of the people. It became very irrelevant in addressing national needs, goals and the aspiration of the nation (FRN, 2004). As a result of this, there was an expression of general dissatisfaction with the system. This led to the convocation of national curriculum conference in 1969. The conference was well attended by all the segments of the society. According to Aguokogbuo (2009) the 1969 conference was well attended by people from diverse backgrounds which include trade unions, farmer’s union, women organization, religious bodies, professional organizations (medicine, Legal, Engineering etc) lecturers from higher institutions, administrations and representatives from the governments of the twelve states of Nigeria, among others.
Consequently, the conference was followed with a seminar in 1973. Experts from different fields including external bodies deliberated on what a national policy on education of Nigeria as a nation should be. A draft document was produced by the participants in the seminar. After due modifications and corrections from comments and observations from relevant and interest groups, the final document of the National Policy on Education emerged in 1977. Since the inception, it has been reviewed three times (1981, 1998 and 2004). This is the document on which the present study hinges. The study intends to find out the state of art in nursery schools using the National Policy Pre-secondary Education as a bench mark.
Overview of Coronavirus Disease
Coronavirus Disease is a contagious disease that first emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019. It was later coded “COVID-19” by the W.H.O which stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019. The Coronavirus outbreak remains one of the worst global pandemics for decades. The mortality rate soared and the easy of spread was upsetting. Research shows that older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer were more likely to develop serious illnesses from coronavirus (W.H.O, 2020). Some of the symptoms of Coronavirus include; Sore throat, runny nose, constant coughing/sneezing, breathing difficulty and fatigue.
Image 1: Illustration of the Morphology of Coronaviruses; the club-shaped viral spike pelomers, coloured red, create the look of a corona surrounding the virion when observed with an electron (Wikipedia, 2020a -SARS- CoV-2 without background.png).
As at the time of this study, there were no reliable treatments for Coronavirus, but a series of researches were in the pipeline across the world towards finding a clinical vaccine for the contagion. However, recent events shows that behavioural change can help contain the spread of coronavirus. Some of the suggested measures to halt the coronavirus pandemic include;, improved individual habits such as personal hygiene, including constant washing of hands with alcohol-based sanitizers, good respiratory attitude (close coughing and sneezing), and other personal protection practices like wearing of face mask, social distancing, avoiding touching of the face, and reducing contacts with people through self-isolation at home or avoiding nonessential travels or gatherings. Coronavirus is a global problem that requires more action coordination and global cooperation to successfully contain the outbreak and to deal with its aftermath effects.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Data description
Data were collated from the Center for disease and control in China website. The data spans from 21 January 2020 to 20 February 2020 and were preprocessed from wide to long, a replica of panel data and time series setting. The data consist of four health indicators such as deaths, confirmed cases, suspected cases, and recovered cases across 31 Provinces/States in China namely Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanghai, Tianjin, Tibet, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Yunnan and Xinjiang. Our intial observation of data available and presented in Figure 1 shows a widespread of case-patients in Hubei Province compared to other locations (Figure 2). This validates the exact location, the city of Wuhan, where the outbreak was first reported. We observe a daily average of about 1000 confirmed cases, 60 deaths and 161 recovered cases.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation And Analysis
The parameter estimation of the relationship between novel corona- virus attributable deaths and confirmed cases of COVID-19 is presented in Table 1. The estimated models are statistically significant at 5% level (95% CI) and a corresponding predictive power (R-squared) between 68%-100%. The modified wald statistic (MWALD) of Model 3 rejects the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity. Meaning that the effect of confirmed cases on the novel coronavirus attributable deaths is hetero- geneous across Provinces/States in China. In both panel and time series models presented, the lagged-dependent variable (LDV) of coronavirus attributable deaths (lnDeathst-1) is positive and statistically significant at 1% level except Model 5 which shows a significant (99% CI) negative coefficient. LDV was introduced in the models to control for omitted variable bias and account for the inertia effects of the reported corona- virus attributable deaths. The positive coefficient of lnDeathst-1 in almost all the models reveals that the historical factors of coronavirus attribut- able deaths are persistent and likely to affect future reported deaths. On the contrary, when unobserved common factors affecting coronavirus attributable deaths are controlled in Model 5, the coefficient on LDV turns negative. Meaning that the inertia effect of historical deaths is curtailed, hence, reducing the impact of confirmed cases.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Our study presented is based on phenomenological models but not a clinical procedure, hence, care should be taken in the interpretation of the outcome. We demonstrated that the effect of confirmed cases on COVID-19 attributable-deaths is perfectly linear whereas the impact of confirmed cases on recovery cases follows a nonlinear path. Our study suffers from the limitation of early case investigation and historical data, hence, our estimation results may change at the latter stage of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In view of this, we utilized a battery of estimation approach to increase the sensitivity and robustness of the models.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the researchers hereby recommends that:
- The Minister of education should direct all secondary Schools administrators to come up with strategies to cover up the one month teaching and learning gap created as result of the COVID-19 schools closed down
- The Schools administrators should ensure teachers develop strategies to cover all their scheme of work for the term before going for internal examinations
- The government should provide all infrastructural facilities that will support online education in all the secondary schools in Nigeria to prevent any eventuality of future close down of schools because ofpandemic
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