Isolation and Identification of Micro-organism in Stream Water Uturu Abia State
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The broad objective of the study is to isolate and identify microorganisms in stream water. The specific objectives of the study are thus:
- to characterize the physicochemical parameters of stream water
- determine the level of bacteria contamination of stream water
- isolate and identify the microorganisms found to be high in stream water
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In developing countries, many people are living in rural communities and have to collect their drinking water some distances away from the household and transport it back in various types of containers (Sobsey, 2002). Microbiological contamination of the water may occur between the collection point and the point-of-use in the household due to unhygienic practices causing the water to become a health risk (Sobsey, 2002; Gundry et al., 2004; Moyo et al., 2004).
To improve and protect the microbiological quality and to reduce the potential health risk of water to these households, intervention strategies is needed that is easy to use, effective, affordable, functional and sustainable (CDC, 2001; Sobsey, 2002). Many different water collection and storage systems have been developed and evaluated in the laboratory and under field conditions (Sobsey, 2002). In addition, a variety of physical and chemical treatment methods to improve the microbiological quality of water are available (Sobsey, 2002). The aim of this study was to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water in rural households by the implementation of intervention strategies which include the use of traditional storage containers as well as the CDC safe storage container, with or without the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution at the point-of-use.
WATERBORNE DISEASES
Many infectious diseases are associated with faecally contaminated water and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Leclerc et al., 2002; Theron and Cloete, 2002). Waterborne diseases are caused by enteric pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites (Table 2.1) that are transmitted by the faecal oral route (Grabow, 1996; Leclerc et al., 2002; Theron and Cloete, 2002). Waterborne spread of infection by these pathogenic microorganisms depends on several factors such as: the survival of these microorganisms in the water environment, the infectious dose of the microorganisms required to cause a disease in susceptible individuals, the microbiological and physico-chemical quality of the water, the presence or absence of water treatment and the season of the year (Deetz et al., 1984; Leclerc et al., 2002; Theron and Cloete, 2002).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Collection of Water Samples
Ten samples of water from the river were collected from, during the period from
June 2012 and September 2012. The samples were collected aseptically in sterile 500mL Durans Schoot glass bottle using the standard procedure and methods prescribed by American Public Health Association [15].
Total Coliform count by Most Probable Number (MPN) Test
Most Probable Number (MPN) test was performed to assess the domestic pollution level in the selected area for total Coliform count. The technique involves three successive steps namely, presumptive test, confirmatory test and completed test. This method has direct application in quantification studies for media and for alternate microbiological methods. The number of broth tubes producing gas used to determine the statistical range of coliform. Confirmed and positive test are used to calculate the MPN.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical parameters like pH, Temperature, BOD, COD, DO and comparative study of level of microbial contamination in water samples of Uturu River in the two different weather conditions i.e. June and September.
ENUMERATION OF BACTERIAL POPULATION
Data reflects the presence and percent concentrations of E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonasa aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia entrocolitica. Generally, higher level of microbial pollution of Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococci sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia sp., Enterococcus faecalis was observed in the month of June because of settled waster and optimum temperature for the growth of bacteria. Bacterial population of Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp. were increased profoundly in the month of September, Low rainfall was associated with exponential increases in concentrations of indicator bacteria while the effect on turbidity attenuated with very heavy rainfall.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
The study clearly indicates that river water is highly contaminated by bacteria those are present in all sort of environmental conditions that allows human involvement which are predominated by indicator organisms. Enumeration study on indicator microorganisms was found to be high in the month of June as relatively less in September due to rain fall. Also the rain fall results in low level of BOD, COD and increased level of DO that also influence the level of microorganisms in the river water. pH and the temperature of water samples were highly influenced by other physical factor like metal and industrial pollution level. The pH was found to be more in alkaline side in September where as in June it was towards slightly acidic. The bacteria seem to be responsible for the degradation of organic and inorganic compounds from where they derive their nutritional requirement hence the study strongly suggest to develop certain standard for the River water in ———- region for the health concern of the population residing in its bank, also the study on bacterial population those are used in remediation of metal pollutant deposited in river water from various industrial resources can help in removal of those metal from the river water.
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