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Mathematics Project Topics

Lasalle Invariance Principle for Ordinary Differential Equations and Applications

Lasalle Invariance Principle for Ordinary Differential Equations and Applications

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Lasalle Invariance Principle for Ordinary Differential Equations and Applications

Chapter One

PREAMBLE OF THE STUDY

In this chapter, we focussed on the basic concepts of the ordinary differential equations. Also, weย emphasizedย onย relevantย theroemsย inย ordinaryย differentialย equations.

Definition 1.1.1ย An equation containing only ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent vari-ย ables with respect to a single independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation ODE.ย The order of an ODE is the order of the highest derivative in the equation. ย In symbol, we canย expressย anย n-thย orderย ODEย byย theย form

ย 

x(n)ย =ย fย (t,ย x,ย …,ย x(nโˆ’1)) (1.1.1)

Definition 1.1.2 (Autonomous ODE ) When f is time-independent, then (1.1.1) is said to beย anย autonomousย ODE.ย Forย example,

xj(t)ย =ย sin(x(t))

Definitionย 1.1.3ย (Non-autonomousย ODEย )ย Whenย fย isย time-dependent, thenย (1.1.1)ย isย saidย toย beย aย nonย autonomousย ODE.ย Forย example,

ย xj(t)ย =ย (1ย +ย t2)y2(t)

CHAPTER TWO

BASICย THEORYย OFย ORDINARYย DIFFERENTIALย EQUATION

In this chapter we give a broad discussion of the existence and uniqueness of solutions of ordinaryย differentialย equations.ย Weย discussย equilibriumย points,ย stability,ย fundamentalย matrixย andย variationย ofย constantsย formula,ย andย otherย keyย conceptsย ofย dynamicalย systems.ย Weย startย thisย chapterย withย theย followingย definitions;

Definitionsย andย basicย properties

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Definition 2.1.1ย Let Iย be an interval containing t0, let f : I ร— Rnย โ†’ Rnย be continuous and Lips-ย chitzian with respect to second variable,ย letย x : Iย โ†’ Rnย be continuous,ย then x is a solution of theย followingย ordinaryย differentialย equation

onย I,ย if

xisย aย C1ย ย functionย onย 

xj(t)ย =ย fย (t,ย x(t)), t โˆˆ Iย x(t0)ย =ย x0, t0ย โˆˆย I

(2.1.1)

xsatisfiesย theย aboveย ODE,ย forย allย tย โˆˆ

Theoremย 2.1.2ย [9](Peanoโ€™sย Theorem)ย Letย fย :ย Rย ร—ย Rnย โ†’ย Rnย beย continuousย inย aย neighbourhoodย ofย (t0,ย x0)ย thenย thereย existsย aย >ย 0ย suchย thatย theย initialย valueย problem

xjย =ย fย (t,ย x), tย โˆˆย R

x(t0)ย =ย x0ย โˆˆย Rn.

hasย atย leastย oneย solutionย onย theย intervalย Iย =ย [t0ย โˆ’ย a,ย t0ย +ย a]ย โІย R.

Proofย .ย Defineย theย set

(2.1.2)

Eย =ย C([t0ย โˆ’ย a,ย t0ย +ย a],ย Rn)

thenย Eย isย aย Banachย spaceย providedย withย theย โ€ย supย โ€ย norm.ย Let

Mย ย =ย maxย วfย (t,ย x)วย ย for Qย =ย {(t,ย x)ย :ย โˆ’aย โ‰คย tย โˆ’ย t0ย โ‰คย a, วxย โˆ’ย x0วย โ‰คย b}

andย defineย theย setย Aย โŠ‚ย Eย by

Aย :=ย {xย โˆˆย Eย :ย supย วx(t)ย โˆ’ย x0วย โ‰คย b}ย =ย B(x0,ย b)C(I,Rnย ย ย โІย E.

Then,ย Aย isย aย closedย subsetย ofย E,ย asย xnย โˆˆย Aย impliesย that

lim

nโ†’โˆž

xnย =ย xย โˆˆย A

(thisย followsย fromย theย uniformย convergenceย inย E).ย Also,ย Aย isย convexย (everyย ballย isย convex).ย Thus,ย by the Ascoli-Arzela theorem, A is compact, and A is complete as a closed subset of a completeย metricย spaceย withย theย supย norm.

Also,ย letย Tย :ย Aย โ†’ย Eย beย definedย by

(Tx)(t)ย :=ย x0ย +

ห†ย t

fย (s,ย x(s))ds

t0

Let,ย (xn)nโ‰ฅ1ย โІย A such that xnย โ†’ย xย โˆˆย Aย withย theย โ€ย supย โ€ย norm,ย then,

xn(t)ย โ†’ย x(t) implies supย วxn(s)ย โˆ’ย x(s)วย โ†’ย 0, as nย โ†’ย โˆž.

Therefore,

ห†ย t

วTxn(t)ย โˆ’ย Tx(t)วย โ‰ค วfย (s,ย xn(s))ย โˆ’ย fย (s,ย x(s))วds

ห†ย t0+a

โ‰คย t0โˆ’a

วfย (s,ย xn(s))ย โˆ’ย fย (s,ย x(s))วd

โ‰คย 2aย supย วfย (s,ย xn(s))ย โˆ’ย fย (s,ย x(s))ว.

fย isย continuousย onย Iย ร—ย B(x0,ย b)ย impliesย thatย f ย isย uniformlyย continuousย onย Iย ร—ย B(x0,ย b).ย So,ย as

nย โ†’ย โˆž, วTxn(t)ย โˆ’ย Tx(t)วย โ†’ย 0.

Thus,ย Tย isย continuous.ย Letย Tzย โˆˆย Tย (A)

ห†ย t

วTz(t)ย โˆ’ย x0วย =ย ว

ห†ย t

fย (s,ย z(s))dsว

โ‰คย t0

ห†ย t

โ‰คย t0

วfย (s,ย z(s))วds

Mds

ห†ย t0+a

โ‰ค Mdsย =ย 2aMย โ‰คย b

t0โˆ’a

forย aย smallย enough.ย Hence,ย Tย (A)ย โІย A.

Weย lookย forย aย fixedย pointย ofย Tย ,ย thatย is,ย weย wantย toย find

xย โˆˆย E ย ย such ย ย that ย ย Txย =ย x.

Aย fixedย pointย ofย Tย solvesย theย IVP(2.1.2),ย andย Tย hasย aย fixedย pointย asย aย consequenceย ofย theย followingย Schauder – Tychonoffโ€™s Theorem (If Tย : X โ†’ X is continuous and if A โŠ‚ X is a convex compactย subsetย ofย theย normedย linearย spaceย Xย andย Tย (A)ย โŠ‚ย A,ย thenย T ย hasย aย fixedย pointย inย A).

Exampleย 2.1.3ย Consider

Here,ย ย fย (y)ย =ย โˆš|y(t)|.

yjย = |y(t)|, tย โ‰ฅย 0,ย y(0)ย = 0.

Solvingย theย givenย IVP,ย weย haveย that,

t2

y(t)ย =ย โˆ’ย 4ย , if y(t)ย <ย 0,

y(t)ย =ย 0, if y(t)ย =ย 0,ย t2

y(t)ย =

, if y(t)ย >ย 0.

4

So,ย theย ODEย doesย notย haveย aย uniqueย solution.ย Thisย isย becauseย fย isย notย Lipschitzian.

 

CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION

Theย aimย ofย thisย thesisย isย toย studyย aย longย timeย behaviourย solutionย usingย 3ย approachesย .

The firste is the linearization principle: If it works that fine, but most of cases it does not work well, like we have seen in many examples.

Theย secondย oneย isย theย Lyapunovย functions,ย itย isย theย bestย wayย toย studyย theย asymptoticย behaviourย ofย solutions,ย butย theย constructionย ofย theย Lyapunovย functionsย dependsย onย theย natureย ofย theย ODE.ย Theย thirdย oneย isย basedย onย LaSalleย invarianceย principle,ย itย isย anย interestingย workingย toolย inย dynam-ย icalย systemsย andย controlย theory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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  • Rowell,ย Computingย theย Matrixย Exponential,ย Theย Cayleyย Hamiltonย Method.ย Massachusettsย Instituteย ofย Technology,ย Departmentย ofย Mechanicalย engineering,ย 2004,ย web.mit.edu/2.151/www/Handouts/CayleyHamilton.pdf
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