Mineral Composition of Soil in Ado Ekiti Metropolis
Chapter One
ย Objectives of study
The objectives of this study is to examine the composition of mineral resources in Ado Ekiti.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
ย ย Theย Olderย Granitesย (Panย Africanย Granitoids)
The term โOlder Graniteโ was introduced by Falconer (1911) to distinguish theย deep-seated, often concordant or semi-concordant granites of the Basement Com-ย plexย fromย theย high-level,ย highlyย discordantย tin-bearingย granitesย ofย Northernย Nigeria.ย The Older Granites are believed to be pre-, syn- and post-tectonic rocks which cutย bothย theย migmatite-gneiss-quartziteย complexย andย theย schistย belts.ย Theyย rangeย widelyย in age (750โ450 Ma) and composition. They represent a varied and long lastingย (750โ450ย Ma)ย magmaticย cycleย associatedย withย theย Pan-Africanย orogeny.ย Theย rocksย of this suite range in composition from tonalites and diorites through granodioritesย to true granites and syenites. Charnockites form an important rock group emplacedย duringย thisย period.ย Theyย areย generallyย highย levelย intrusionsย andย anataxisย hasย playedย an important role (Rahaman, 1981). The Older Granites suite is notable for its gen-ย eral lack of associated mineralization although the thermal effects may play a roleย inย theย remobilizationย ofย mineralizingย fluids.
The Older Granites are the most obvious manifestation of the Pan-Africanย orogeny and represent significant additions of materials (up to 70% in some places)ย to the crust (Rahaman, 1988). Attempt to classify the Older Granites with respectย toย timingย duringย anย orogenicย eventย areย validย overย onlyย shortย distances.ย Contactย features between members of the Older Granites suite suggest the coexistence of sev-ย eral magmas. Compositionally, the granites plot in the field of calc-alkaline rocksย on the AFM diagram and although they contain significant amount of alkalis, areย also often slightly corundum normative. Dada (2006) was of the opinion that theย termย โPanย Africanย Granitoidsโย beย usedย forย theย Olderย Granitesย notย onlyย onย theย meritย of age which was not available at the time they were named Older Granites, butย becauseย itย coversย severalย importantย petrologicย groupsย formedย atย theย sameย time.
Theย Basementย Complex
The granitoids which outcrop with the schist belts in northwestern and southwest-ย ern Nigeria include biotite granites, biotite muscovite granites, syenites, chanock-ย ites,ย serpentinitesย and anorthosites.
Rahaman (1988) discarded the earlier classification of members of the Olderย Granites suite on the basis of their texture, mineraological composition and the rel-ย ative timing of their emplacement. In its place, members of the Older Granite suiteย wereย classifiedย asย follows,ย basedย mainlyย onย theย texturalย characteristics:
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
ย Study Area
The study area Ado Ekiti is a town located between latitude 70 471 to 70 531 N and longitude 5o18’E to 5o24’E in Oye local government area of Ekiti State Southwestern Nigeria (Figure 1). The town is known to be the home of Ogun onire whom the Yoruba ethnic group of Nigeria recognizes as the โgod of ironโ. Ado Ekiti has naturally occurring and abundant clay deposits which are mined for different applications. Ekiti State is located between latitude 70 201 to 80 001 N and longitude 4o50’E to 5o50’E. The State is an upland zone rising over 250m above sea level and underlained by different rocks such as the gneisses, granite and charnockite.
Sample Collection and Preparation
Clay soil was collected with the aid of a hand auger from the basement complex of soil deposit in Ado Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Both surface and subsurface clay samples were collected at four different cardinal points with equidistance of 500 m way from one another on the trial site. The samples were homogeneously mixed together and an adequate amount for use was taken as the representative sample. None soil sample was separated from the soil sample by hand picking and air dried at room temperature for 72 hours. Thereafter, the clay soil sample was stored in a black polyethylene bag prior to analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ย Physicochemical Properties of the Clay Soil
Table 1: Physicochemical Properties of the Clay Soil
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
Ado Ekiti soil soil has been characterized by some suitable techniques order than XRD to evaluate the major mineralogical content of the clay for proper classification. The results from the techniques used in this study are consistent to one another. The results showed that kaolinite is the major clay mineral in the clay, indicating that the clay is typically kaolin. Also, the Ado Ekiti kaolin showed properties that indicated its potentials to be used as a pozzolana and industrial adsorbent for remediation of contaminants in wastewater. The results from this research therefore become an added value to existing data and information on mineralogical and physicochemical evaluation of soil soil and potential application of Ado Ekiti soil.
Theย lateriticย profilesย aboveย pegmatite,ย graniteย gneissย andย graniteย inย Ado Ekitiย andย itsย environsย areย structurallyย relatedย toย theย overlyingย weathering profiles. The mineralogy of the parent rocksย greatlyย influencedย andย determinedย theย texturalย characteristics and colour variation within and betweenย profiles.ย Theย weatheringย profileย overย pegmatiteย andย graniteย canย beย distinguishedย intoย topย soil,ย ironย richย laterite, clay and bedrock. The essential rock formingย mineralsย inย theย basementย rocks,ย suchย as feldspar,ย biotite, hornblende, have been chemically decomposedย to clay minerals such as kaolinite.ย Hematite is the non-ย clayย components,ย derivedย essentiallyย fromย theย lateritization of iron-bearing minerals such as biotite andย hornblende, Closeย examinationsย ofย theย wholeย rockย geochemical data reveal that only Fe2O3,ย Al2O3ย and TiO2ย areย relativelyย enrichedย inย lateriticย profilesย aboveย theย basement rock. The other oxides, notably SiO2, MnO,ย MgO, CaO, Na2O,ย K2O,ย and P2O5ย are depleted due toย leaching. Studies of major element distribution showsย relative enhancement of Al2O3ย in the clayey zone andย Fe2O3ย inย theย laterizedย zoneย aboveย pegmatite,ย graniteย gneiss andย granite. These enrichments are reflected asย kaoliniteย andย hematiteย peaksย inย theย relevantย x-rayย diffractograms.ย Thisย showsย thatย theย weatheringย isย towardsย lateritizationย thanย bauxitization.ย Among theย three lithologies, pegmatiteย exhibits the highest degreeย of weathering.
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