Motivational Roles of Parents and Teachers in the Effective Teaching and Learning of Biology in Senior Secondary Schools
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
The general purpose of this study was to analyze the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state. This overarching objective was achieved through three specific objectives as below stated.
Specific Objective
- To assess the relationship between motivation and teachers’ job performance in public and private secondary schools.
- To examine the factors that affect teachers’ motivation in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state.
- To determine the motivational differences in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview
This chapter presents the theoretical framework, empirical literature reviewed, knowledge gap and conceptual framework for this study. The literature review show the background of a research investigation, motivation of teachers and job performance related to effective teaching and learning process.
Theoretical Framework
A teacher facilitating teaching and learning process according to efforts and direction they take in school organization and use it is abilities of teaching to reach the desired goals in academic performance. Vroom’s (1964) described the valence instrumental expectancy theory that why people or teachers work hard according to efforts and abilities to reach the desired goals in academic performance. The increased efforts in teaching and learning process lead to better performance, this means that job performance from the effort must be well organized and feedback. The theory help to understand that people in organization can work hard in order to reach the desired goals, the presence of efforts and abilities of teachers in both public and private secondary schools can lead to better job performance when they motivated. Therefore the theory used to determine the relationship between Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology, factors that affect teacher’s motivation in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state and the motivational differences in secondary schools.
Empirical Literature
Motivation of Teachers and Job Performance
There is a wide range of view about teacher motivation in Africa and South Asia, Most of which are country specific. However there appears to be mounting concern that unacceptably high proportion of teachers working in public school poorly motivated due to a combination of low morale and job satisfactory, poor incentive, and inadequate control and other behavioral sanction. Also poor teacher motivation influenced by politicians who failed to rely the motivation factors that can lead to job performance. The near total absence of issues related to teacher motivation within government document is evidence of the administration lack of concern. Though Nigeria Education and Training Policy (MOEC 1995) Did have a separate section Entitled the “Service and working conditions of Teachers which discussed the importance of teachers job satisfaction irregular salary payment for teachers, lack of proper housing for teachers, the low status accorded to teachers, inadequate teaching facilities and the need to enhance the professional and individual welfare of teachers.
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology that was used in the study. This includes research design, area of study and target population, and selection of respondents, data collection methods, sample and sampling procedure and data analysis. The chapter also provides details on the different approaches used in data collection and analysis as well as presentation of findings. Finally, the chapter presents validity and reliability of instruments and ethical issues that were taken into account when conducting this study.
Research Design
The significant merit of research design is to arrange for a research paradigm and empirical information which should be collected in relation to the optimal expenditure of time, money and efforts therefore, Kothari (2004) supports by defining a research design as a conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection measurement and analysis of data. It is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure (Ary, et al. 2010).
This study took descriptive research design that was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. This involves examining and analyzing the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state, therefore a mixed method were considered, using questionnaires, interview, observation, survey and documentary analysis. The data were collected from secondary school teachers, LGA Education officers and LGA school Inspectors. The researcher collected both data, primary and secondary data from respondents of the study.
The Study Population
Ary, etal (2010) define population as a large group to which a research wishes to generalize; it includes all members of a defined class of people. The study was carried out among teachers in 6 secondary schools in Rivers state. The teachers that were considered were degree holders, diploma in education, postgraduates and certificates in education since these are considered to be qualified teachers.
The presence of poor academic performance to the learners in Rivers state influenced this study to conduct in this area, also the area as high concentration of secondary schools. So the study involved teachers of selected schools, LGA school inspectors and LGA education officer who were present at Rivers state with an approximate of 120 teachers, 2LGA education officers and 10 school Inspectors but teachers selected randomly from the available population.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter presents data from the questionnaires, interviews, documents analysis and observation, data regarding the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
This chapter contains a brief summary of the study and its findings, also address the limitations of the study and lastly the section of recommendations drawn from the findings is given with areas recommended for further research.
Summary
The study sought to examine the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state. Furthermore, the study assessed the relationship between Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology, in addition the factors of motivation that affects teacher’s job performance and the differences in teacher’s motivation and job performance in public and private secondary schools were also assessed.
The related literature review was guided by conceptual framework. The framework included a number of unified features in trying to explain the facts given. The researcher was able to study each variable in relation to perceptions so as to generate findings on the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary school in Rivers state. This study examined the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state. Rivers state was chosen as area of my study where by 120 respondents participated fully and where responsible to answer the questionnaire given, 2 respondents were education Officers and 10 respondents were school Inspectors who were responsible to answer the interview questions.
The data collection tools; questionnaires, observation, interview and documentary analysis were used to gather the required data. The data gathered from the questionnaires were analyzed by the aid of SPSS version 20 for windows, where the percentage was used to determine the teacher’s perceptions on Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology.
Summaries of the Key Findings
In the context of this study, the following were the study findings, which enhanced the discussion.
Relationship between Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology
- To the larger extent the findings proved that most teachers joined in teaching profession due to the personal interest that they had in teaching and learning process for example 49.2% of respondents joined in teaching profession because of their own interest that motivated them in teaching hence better
- This study revealed that teachers enjoy to be in teaching profession because from the data obtained show that 36.7% of respondents agreed that teaching gives them a great deal of job satisfaction and career development and they receive money that help them to solve the cost of living, thus why they perform teaching activities.
- Findings found that most of teachers came early at school because 41.7% of respondents strongly agreed to come early at school, so this reflect that most of teachers had morale of teaching.
- Findings revealed that most of teachers believe that, teaching is one of their goals in life and 43.3% of respondents strongly agreed that teaching is one of their goals in life.
- Findings found that teachers strongly agreed that teaching is a good profession.
- Findings found that most of teachers use lesson plan in teaching and most teachers agreed to use lesson plan.
- Findings found that most of teachers provide tests and examinations to students.
- The research indicated that some teachers received free lunch during the teaching session; this was observed during the collection of data in the field where by few teachers particularly in private school got free lunch and encouraged them to work hard hence better performance.
Generally, the findings above indicated that presence of intrinsic motivations to teachers influenced them to concentrate in teaching and led to good job performance.
Factors of Motivation that Affects Teacher’s Job Performance in Public and Private Secondary Schools
This findings showed that most of teachers received low salary per month that led teachers not satisfied with the amount of money paid either by government or private schools, for example one teacher received N 100,000= per month and most of teachers received salaries between N 440,000/= to 720,000/= as basic scale that led many teachers to complain because the money given to them not enough to solve the daily problems.
- This finding indicated that most teachers were not receiving medical care allowance from their employers, because 39.2% of respondents strongly disagreed to receive medical care when they sick, so absent of treatment to teachers affects their good job performance.
- The study indicated that the schools lack enough toilets, houses and chairs for teachers; this was observed during the data collection.
- This study showed that most of teachers strongly disagreed to have weekly duty allowance, this evidenced when 41.7% of respondents strongly disagreed to get weekly duty allowances, and 36.7% strongly disagreed to have allowances that motivate them in teaching, most of teachers said they lack allowances for transport as well as accommodation that should be paid by the employers.
Differences in Teacher’s Motivation and Job Performance in Public and Private Secondary Schools
The Research findings revealed that, there are differences in the teacher’s motivation and job performance in public and private secondary schools.
Findings showed that the public secondary schools lack enough books, teachers did not get free meals, indiscipline of students, lack of furniture’s such as tables and chairs for the teachers, while private secondary schools teachers have enough books, furniture, free accommodation, free meals, transport allowance but in public secondary school teachers have no transport allowance.
The findings showed that in Nigeria, the leading students’ performance comes from private schools, which might be facilitated by effective motivation to teachers.
Findings showed that most respondents agreed to have free accommodation were private school teachers particularly boarding schools.
Therefore the study found that there are differences in teacher’s motivation and job performance in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state.
Conclusion
This study sought to assess the Motivational Roles Of Parents And Teachers In The Effective Teaching And Learning Of Biology in public and private secondary schools in Rivers state. In respect to the key findings described in the preceding sections, the following conclusions were made:
- Findings showed that most teachers joined in teaching profession due to their personal interest of teaching.
- Findings revealed that teachers use lesson plan in teaching
- Findings showed that most of teachers came early at school
- Findings found that most of teachers provided tests and examinations to students
- Findings showed that some private teachers got lunch during the teaching sessions
- Findings revealed that schools lacked toilets, houses and chairs for teachers.
- Findings found that most of teachers they had morale in performing activities.
- The study revealed inadequate motivation like low payment of salaries of teachers and consequently low teacher’s job performance.
- This study revealed that the extrinsic motivators like free meals, accommodation and medical allowance available but in small extent toteachers in various secondary schools in Rivers state.
- Findings showed that most agreed to have free accommodation were private school teachers particularly boarding schools.
- Findings revealedthat most teachers from public schools did not get free meals at school compared to private secondary teachers.
Recommendations
Basing on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations were made:
The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MOVET) and the owner of private secondary schools should provide incentive packages to increase teachers’ motivation. Special attention should be put at increasing teacher‘s salaries because the majority of them (teachers) complained about the inadequacy of their salaries to meet their needs. Increasing teacher‘s salaries will increase their morale to teach. This is because the teachers must be interestedin what they teach and in the children when they are If they are not interested in the work themselves, they can never motivate the class to learn.
The government should build houses for teachers, since manyof them reported to be living far away from their schools. Communities should be assisted by the government to put up decent teachers’ houses so that teachers live within the schools and thus reduce lateness and absenteeism. This will increase their motivation and eventually The local community‘s contribution in this case may be in form of provision of free labor or financial contributions towards the construction process.
Regional Administration Local Government, Education Standards Agency should be strengthened to make sure that teachers receive salary on time. The LGA Inspectorate should also be strengthened and adequately funded to carry out routine inspections in both public and private secondary schools. Regular visits to the schools would motivate the teachers to be more regular and early in school and avoid divided attention of searching for secondary employment as part time teachers.
The teachers who perform well in teaching and learning process should receive extra payment that can help them to increase effort in teaching.
Limitations of the Study
Few respondents were not ready to answer the questionnaire because they fear to give some information because a researcher being a civil servant can speculate them. However this limitation was minimized by use of introductory letters of the researcher as well as assuring respondents about the use of the information they provide for only academic purposes.
Despite the fact that there was little or no research that has been done in this field, there was lack of adequate literature to support the findings. However, the researcher depended a lot on surveyed data (primary data) to overcome this problem.
There was also an overlap in advantages and limitations with the methods used for data collection. This relates to the multitude of information generated during the interview, the additional time required for data collection, the sensitivity of the topic, which limited free expression of views and attitudesand the interaction bias which could have affected some of the responses. The researcher tried to minimize these limitations by rephrasing the questions, cross checking the data collected and continuously explaining the purpose of the study and how the findings were for academic purposes.
Due to limited time and resources, it was very difficult to reach targeted respondents.
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