Suicidal Behaviour and Associated Factors Among Students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
The study “Suicidal Behaviour and Associated Factors Among Students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana” aimed to achieve the following objectives:
- To determine the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana.
- To identify the factors associated with suicidal behaviour among students in the institution.
- To explore the help-seeking behaviours and coping mechanisms utilized by students experiencing suicidal ideation or engaging in suicidal behaviour.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The literature review chapter provides a comprehensive overview of existing research and knowledge related to the topic of suicidal behaviour among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. It serves as a critical foundation for the current study by synthesizing and analyzing relevant studies, theories, and empirical evidence. The importance of conducting a literature review lies in its ability to identify gaps, establish a theoretical framework, and guide the research design. By reviewing previous studies, the chapter aims to build upon existing knowledge, highlight the significance of the current study, and contribute to the broader understanding of suicidal behaviour among students in educational settings. The literature review chapter plays a crucial role in providing context, justifying the research objectives, and informing the methodology and analysis of the subsequent chapters.
Conceptual Review
The Concept of Suicidal Behaviour
The concept of suicidal behaviour refers to a range of thoughts, actions, and intentions related to self-harm and the desire to end one’s own life. Suicidal behaviour encompasses a continuum that includes suicidal ideation (thoughts of self-harm or suicide), suicide attempts and completed suicide. It is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various psychological, social, and environmental factors (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019).
Suicidal behaviour is a significant public health concern globally, affecting individuals across different age groups and demographics. According to the WHO (2019), suicide is the second leading cause of death among individuals aged 15 to 29 years. Suicidal ideation, attempts, and completed suicides are prevalent among various populations, including students. A study conducted by Mortier et al. (2018) found that the prevalence of suicidal ideation among university students was approximately 10.7%. This highlights the urgent need to address and understand the concept of suicidal behaviour among students.
Psychological factors play a crucial role in understanding suicidal behaviour. Mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse have consistently been linked to an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Zhang et al., 2021). Individuals experiencing these psychological challenges may feel overwhelmed, hopeless, or trapped, leading to a higher likelihood of engaging in self-harming behaviours. Additionally, constructs such as perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and hopelessness have been identified as significant psychological factors associated with suicidal behaviour among students (Chu et al., 2019).
Social factors also contribute to the development of suicidal behaviour. Peer relationships and social support play a crucial role in an individual’s well-being. Poor social support networks, feelings of social isolation, and interpersonal conflicts have been linked to an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among students (Lim et al., 2021). Bullying, both in-person and online, has also been identified as a significant social factor that contributes to suicidal behaviour among students. Exposure to and experiences of bullying can lead to feelings of distress and helplessness, increasing the vulnerability to suicidal ideation and attempts (Zalsman et al., 2016).
Environmental determinants further shape the concept of suicidal behaviour. Academic stress is a prevalent environmental factor among students. High expectations, intense competition, academic failure, and difficulties in coping with academic demands contribute to increased psychological distress and the risk of suicidal behaviour (Dyrbye et al., 2020). Financial difficulties also play a role, as students facing financial constraints may experience added stress and limited access to resources and support. Access to lethal means, such as firearms or medications, can further increase the risk of complete suicide among individuals experiencing suicidal thoughts (WHO, 2019).
Understanding the concept of suicidal behaviour is vital for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of suicidal behaviour and considering the psychological, social, and environmental factors that contribute to it, educational institutions, mental health professionals, and policymakers can implement comprehensive approaches to address this public health issue. Interventions that focus on promoting mental health, providing accessible and effective mental health services, fostering social support networks, and reducing environmental risk factors can help mitigate the occurrence of suicidal behaviour among students and promote overall well-being (WHO, 2019; Zhang et al., 2021).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In this study, a quantitative survey research design is utilized. A quantitative research design is appropriate as it allows for the collection of numerical data that can be analyzed statistically to examine the relationships and patterns among variables (Creswell, 2014). This design provides a systematic approach to gathering information on the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana.
The use of a quantitative survey research design is justified as it enables the collection of data from a large sample size, which allows for the generalizability of the findings to the target population (Babbie, 2019). By employing this design, the researchers can obtain quantitative data that can be analyzed to provide objective insights into the prevalence and factors contributing to suicidal behaviour among the students.
For instance, a study conducted by Auerbach et al. (2019) on the prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students found that a quantitative survey approach provided valuable data to understand the scope and nature of suicidal behaviours in this population. The researchers were able to analyze the collected numerical data to identify risk factors and develop preventive strategies.
Additionally, a quantitative survey research design allows for the standardized collection of data, ensuring consistency and comparability across respondents (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2021). This is important in studying suicidal behaviour among students as it allows for objective measurement of variables and the identification of patterns and trends.
Moreover, statistical analysis techniques can be applied to the collected quantitative data to identify associations and patterns related to suicidal behaviour among students. This enables researchers to make evidence-based conclusions and recommendations (Creswell, 2014). Statistical analysis also enhances the reliability and validity of the study by minimizing potential biases and allowing for objective interpretation of the data.
As an example, a recent study by O’Connor et al. (2021) utilized a quantitative survey research design to explore the factors associated with suicidal ideation among university students. The researchers employed statistical analysis to examine the relationships between variables such as psychological distress, social support, and suicidal ideation. The findings highlighted the importance of addressing psychological factors and enhancing social support to prevent suicidal ideation among students.
By employing a quantitative survey research design, this study aims to gather data from a representative sample of students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana to examine the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and understand the factors that contribute to it.
In a similar vein, a study conducted by Ibrahim et al. (2020) utilized a quantitative survey design to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of suicidal ideation among Nigerian university students. The researchers collected data from a large sample size using standardized questionnaires and applied statistical analysis techniques to identify significant predictors of suicidal ideation.
Overall, the adoption of a quantitative survey research design in this study provides a systematic and rigorous approach to investigating the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors among students. It allows for the collection of numerical data, statistical analysis, and the generalizability of findings to the target population. By employing this design, the study aims to generate objective insights into the complex issue of suicidal behaviour among students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, contributing to the existing body of knowledge and informing future interventions and support strategies.
Population of the Study
The target population for this study includes all students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, located in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The justification for selecting this population is based on the fact that the study aims to examine suicidal behaviour and associated factors specific to students of the institution. With a total student enrollment of approximately 1092 students, focusing on this population allows for a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon within the specific academic context(Creswell, 2014).
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS5
Summary of Findings
The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. The findings provide valuable insights into the understanding of this complex issue and shed light on the challenges faced by students concerning suicidal behaviour.
Firstly, in terms of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, a total of 112 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 93.3%. The majority of the respondents were female (67.9%), and the age distribution showed that most respondents fell within the 18-20 age group (62.5%). The educational level of the respondents indicated that the majority were undergraduate students (84.8%), with a smaller proportion being diploma (10.7%) or postgraduate (4.5%) students. The course of study varied among the respondents, with significant proportions studying Engineering (17.9%), Business Administration (21.4%), Computer Science (20.5%), and Health Sciences (22.3%). In terms of residential status, the respondents were distributed among on-campus (29.5%), off-campus (33.9%), and living with families/relatives (30.4%). These demographic findings provide a comprehensive profile of the respondents and ensure the representation of various groups within the student population.
Regarding the prevalence of suicidal behaviour, Table 4.9 revealed that 59.8% of respondents agreed that suicidal behaviour is a prevalent issue among students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. Additionally, Table 4.10 indicated that 77.7% of respondents were certain about the prevalence of suicidal behaviour. These findings highlight the acknowledgement and awareness of the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among the student population. It suggests that there is a recognition of the seriousness of this issue and the need for intervention and support.
Furthermore, Table 4.11 showed that 72.3% of respondents believed that the prevalence of suicidal behaviour is a major concern among students. This finding emphasizes the recognition of the significance of suicidal behaviour as a critical issue that requires attention and preventive measures. Conversely, Table 4.12 revealed that 78.6% of respondents agreed that suicidal behaviour is not a significant issue among students. These contrasting responses indicate some divergence of opinions and perceptions regarding the seriousness of suicidal behaviour, highlighting the need for further investigation and understanding of the subject.
Regarding the factors associated with suicidal behaviour, Table 4.13 showed that 80.4% of respondents agreed that academic pressure contributes to suicidal behaviour among students. This finding highlights the acknowledgement of the impact of academic stress on student’s mental well-being and the potential role it plays in the development of suicidal thoughts or behaviours. In contrast, Table 4.14 revealed that 79.5% of respondents were certain about the factors associated with suicidal behaviour among students. This certainty reflects a comprehensive understanding of the various factors that contribute to suicidal behaviour and indicates a need for targeted interventions to address these factors.
Table 4.15 demonstrated that 77.7% of respondents agreed that relationship issues influence suicidal behaviour among students. This finding underscores the importance of social connections and the impact of interpersonal relationships on students’ mental health. Similarly, Table 4.16 revealed that 73.2% of respondents agreed that financial difficulties contribute to suicidal behaviour among students. This finding highlights the role of socio-economic factors in students’ mental well-being and the need to address financial challenges to prevent the development of suicidal thoughts or behaviours.
Regarding help-seeking behaviours and coping mechanisms, Table 4.17 indicated that 88.4% of respondents agreed that students actively reach out to their friends and peers for support when facing suicidal ideation or engaging in suicidal behaviour. This finding emphasizes the significance of informal support systems and the role of social connections in seeking help during challenging times. Additionally, Table 4.18 revealed that 70.5% of respondents agreed that students have effective coping strategies to deal with suicidal ideation or engage in suicidal behaviour. This finding suggests that students possess some level of resilience and coping mechanisms to navigate difficult situations.
In summary, the findings of this study provide important insights into the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. The results indicate a recognition of the prevalence and seriousness of suicidal behaviour among students, highlighting the need for interventions and support services. The study also identifies academic pressure, relationship issues, and financial difficulties as significant factors associated with suicidal behaviour, emphasizing the importance of addressing these factors in preventive strategies. Furthermore, the findings highlight the significance of informal support systems and effective coping mechanisms in helping students navigate through suicidal ideation and behaviour. These findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge and can inform the development of targeted interventions and support services to promote the mental well-being of students in the institution.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors among students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. The study sheds light on the complex nature of suicidal behaviour and highlights the need for preventive measures and support services to address this critical issue.
The results indicate that there is a recognition among the student population regarding the prevalence and seriousness of suicidal behaviour. This awareness is crucial for initiating conversations, reducing stigma, and promoting help-seeking behaviours. The study also reveals the importance of considering factors such as academic pressure, relationship issues, and financial difficulties in understanding suicidal behaviour. These findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that addresses both individual and environmental factors contributing to students’ mental well-being.
Moreover, the study underscores the significance of informal support systems and effective coping mechanisms in students’ ability to navigate through suicidal ideation and behaviour. This highlights the importance of promoting social connections and resilience-building strategies to enhance students’ mental health.
Based on these findings, it is evident that comprehensive interventions and support services should be implemented within the educational setting. These interventions should focus on creating awareness, providing mental health resources, and fostering a supportive environment for students. Collaboration between academic institutions, mental health professionals, and relevant stakeholders is crucial in developing and implementing targeted strategies to prevent and address suicidal behaviour among students.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are provided:
Implement Mental Health Awareness Programs: The study highlights the need for proactive measures to raise awareness about mental health and suicidal behaviour among students. Academic institutions should develop and implement comprehensive mental health awareness programs that educate students, faculty, and staff about the signs, risk factors, and available support services. These programs should also address the stigma associated with mental health issues and promote help-seeking behaviours.
Strengthen Support Services: The study reveals the importance of accessible and effective support services for students facing suicidal ideation and behaviour. Academic institutions should enhance their mental health support services by employing qualified mental health professionals, providing counselling services, and establishing crisis hotlines. These services should be readily available, confidential, and culturally sensitive to ensure students feel comfortable seeking help.
Establish Collaborative Partnerships: Given the multifaceted nature of suicidal behaviour, it is essential to establish collaborative partnerships among academic institutions, mental health organizations, and community resources. By collaborating, these entities can pool their expertise, resources, and knowledge to develop comprehensive suicide prevention strategies tailored to the unique needs of students. Collaborative efforts can also facilitate referrals and ensure a seamless transition of care for students requiring specialized mental health interventions.
Enhance Academic Support and Stress Management Programs: Academic stress emerged as a significant factor contributing to suicidal behaviour among students. Academic institutions should prioritize the implementation of stress management programs, time management workshops, and study skills training to help students effectively cope with academic demands. Additionally, promoting a healthy work-life balance, encouraging self-care practices, and providing academic support services can contribute to reducing stress levels and promoting overall mental well-being.
Foster a Supportive Campus Environment: Creating a supportive campus environment is crucial for addressing suicidal behaviour among students. Academic institutions should promote positive social connections, foster a sense of belonging, and encourage open dialogue about mental health. This can be achieved through the establishment of student support groups, peer mentoring programs, and initiatives that promote inclusivity, diversity, and emotional well-being. Additionally, training faculty and staff on recognizing and responding to students in distress can play a vital role in providing timely support and intervention.
Contribution to Knowledge
This study has made several significant contributions to the existing knowledge on suicidal behaviour among students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. Firstly, by focusing on this specific institution, the study provides a contextual understanding of the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal behaviour within this unique academic setting. This context-specific knowledge is crucial for developing targeted interventions and support strategies that address the specific needs and challenges faced by students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana.
Secondly, the study contributes to the identification of risk factors associated with suicidal behaviour among students. The findings highlight factors such as academic stress, relationship issues, and financial difficulties as significant contributors to student suicidal behaviour. By identifying these risk factors, the study adds to the existing body of knowledge and provides a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors in student suicidal behaviour. This knowledge can inform the development of prevention and intervention programs that specifically target these risk factors to mitigate the occurrence of suicidal behaviour among students.
Furthermore, the study contributes to the understanding of awareness and utilization of mental health support services among students. The findings reveal both positive and concerning aspects of students’ knowledge and utilization of available support services. This knowledge contributes to the understanding of help-seeking behaviours and highlights the importance of improving accessibility, awareness, and utilization of mental health support services on campus. The study emphasizes the need for efforts to enhance mental health literacy, reduce stigma, and ensure that students have access to the necessary resources and support when facing mental health challenges.
Additionally, the study makes a methodological contribution by utilizing a quantitative survey research design. By employing standardized questionnaires and statistical analysis techniques, the study demonstrates the application of quantitative methods in gathering and analyzing data related to suicidal behaviour. This methodological contribution provides a systematic and rigorous approach to examining the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal behaviour among students. The study’s methodology can serve as a valuable reference for future research in this field, allowing for comparability and consistency in studying suicidal behaviour among students.
Consequently, this study significantly contributes to the knowledge of suicidal behaviour among students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana. The findings provide a contextual understanding of the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal behaviour within this specific academic setting. The identification of risk factors, awareness of mental health support services, and the methodological approach used in this study all contribute to the existing body of knowledge on student suicidal behaviour. These contributions have practical implications for the development of targeted interventions, support services, and policies aimed at preventing and addressing suicidal behaviour among students at Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana and similar educational institutions.
References
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