The Construction of a 2kva Automatic Voltage Regulator (Avr)
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT
The automatic voltage regulator of rating 2KVA is a natural choice for remote control device for the consistent voltage level fluctuation of our power supply system. Therefore, we bear the following in mind as our objective while carrying out this project;
- 1). To fully understand the automatic means of controlling and regulating the system, Its practices, design, construction, operation and application in public electric power system engineering
- 2). to test the electric power behavior of systems or appliances connected to AVR. Also to perform both practices network computers, televisions, amplifier sets and other sensitive devices intended to be protected from direct connection to public electric power supply.
- 3). to practically engage in and fully understand the AVR operational modes and technology or configuration in electrical design and construction
- 4). To enhance power regulation and stabilization technology via automatic voltage regulation for our electrical and electronics appliances due to voltage variation and, incessant power –fluctuations.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
in an attempt to achieve stability voltage and consequently have a steady output, many researchers have over the years carried out detailed and comprehensive researches to fathom ways of achieving this purpose. Sequel to the fact that, the power system is characterized by strong-linearity, fluctuations, hybrid system of dynamics etc. hence a review of these researches becomes imperative.
According to V.K Mehta and Rohit Mehta (principle of Power system, 2004, 2nd edition), they opined that voltage regulation is very important in order to avoid or reduce the effect of fluctuations in the system. This they said can be achieved using semiconductor devices and switches which vary the rams voltage impressed across the load.
In a journal released by Larsson . M. Hill in 200, D.H. Hill and Wang Hill in 1996 respectively, they believed that voltage control and regulation are indispensable factor in power system and , thus aims at a mid or long term voltage quality maintenance of power systems in the presence of load and transmission line disturbances.
According to a research work on AVR by Ogbekhilu Jonathan (MIEEE), 2006 he stated “when variation of voltage are too wide at the point of generation or utilization, there will be erratic operations of the entire system, that of the consumer inclusive”. To protect the consumer’s interest, IEEE regulation has stipulated a maximum voltage drop of 5% of the detailed voltage at the consumers terminals.
- W. Williams , power electronics , 2ndedition of 1987, in his work stated emphatically that, Automatic voltage regulators have a constant voltage a.c supply and incorporate semiconductor switches in its operation. He continued further saying that these regulation fall into the category of naturally commutating converters since their thyristor switch are commuted by the alternating supply. He termed this “the line commutation “
The regulator output current he said, supply current which may be discontinues or non- sinusoidal and as a consequent input power factor corrections and harmonics reduction are usually necessary.
From the forgoing, it is obvious that much have been done in comparative short time and various designs and construction of system with improved mode of operations have emerged in the process. My inference therefore is drawn from the fact that, these researches have a gone a long way to prove that the automatic voltage regulator is indispensable in achieving the stability of power systems.
CHAPTER THREE
BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR)
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The basic components that the voltage regulation have are the operational Amplifier (OP AMP) and the exclusive OR Gate logical IC, the components are being controlled by other network to achieve its main and deserved operation. The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) could be said to be made up of the input, central and output sections. It is the central section is what signals the output to vary from input and be stabilized. It should be noted that the voltage regulation is the ratio of the difference between the full had voltage and the no-load voltage over the voltage of full load.
Mathematically,
Voltage regulation = voltage no-load-voltage of full load
Voltage of rated load.
From the foregoing , regulation thus implied the ability to maintain voltage a constant regardless of the variation in the input, following are the components used.
Components of the AVR
Auto – transformer, relays, Diode rectifier, Capacitor, Resistor and variable Resistor, 12V regulator, Operational Amplifier.
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
The importance of power supply in our everyday life cannot a be over-emphasized since most of our economic activities are dependent on power supply. It is certain that all the electrical and electronic appliances used in industries, institution, homes and offices will be at its best operation when the power supply is made constant and optimum but the reverse is the case if otherwise.
One of the short comings militating against the ultimate or required output of any appliance is fluctuation in power supply, not only does this situation affect the systems output but also it is possible to introduce fault into the system.
Consequently, damage to some of the delicate components of the system may occur, especially components operated beyond their capacity. In otherwords, constant output of power supply is necessary for effective performance of any electronic system.
The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is one of those devices used to maintain constant level of power voltage in a power system. The AVR in its operation is automatic and is very sensitive to variations in voltage level and stabilizes its output.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- RECOMMENDATION
In the construction of this automatic voltage Regulator which is geared towards understanding the basic ideology, knowledge, theories , principles and operations of the AVR, we, having gone through various procedures involved in the construction of such an important equipment, recommend that strict adherence to the laid down steps and operational conditions discussed in this project.
The construction of 2000VA automatic voltage regulator is interesting and educating albeit some constraints we encountered which took us into advancement in electrical and electronics power and voltage regulation.
REFERENCES
- R Mehta and Rohit Mehta. Principle of power system engineering, 2ndEdition. publisher S. chan D and company ltd
- Googel.com (internet)
- penfold Robert: Everyday electronics, June1980, 3rdedition by S.K publishers, U.K
- ieee. Com
- Theraja B. L and Theraja A.K: Electrical Technology (2004) 2nd edition by S. Chan D publishers
- Amadi J.N: Electronic design and Drafting for project Building (2002)
