The Effect of Vandalization on Socio Economy Development; a Case Study of Kwara State
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
- To find out dangers that are associated with vandalization
- To ascertain the relationship that exists between vandalization and socio-economic development of a nation.
- To find out the huge amount that is lost annually to vandalization
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Theoretical Framework
The study adopts the “frustration-aggression theory (FAT)” propounded by John Dollard in 1939. It has been expanded by scholars like Berkowitzo, Leonard and Yates, Aubry in 1962. Generally, the theory explains that violent behavior is usually caused by the inability of the actor to fulfill his/her socio-economic needs. Those who pursue it use the psychological theories of behavior and motivation to explain why people are involved in violent acts inspite of the law. The thrust of theory is the identification of the difference(s) between what people feel and want, i.e., the want-got rationale, and the expected need satisfaction, i.e., actual need satisfaction. According to Okolo, “this means, where expectation does not meet actual need, the people are frustrated, and would confront those they perceive as responsible for their frustration”. This is where the issue of oil pipelines vandalization in the Niger Delta comes in. The people of the region had had high expectations from the MNOCs when oil and natural gas (ONG) were discovered at Oloibiri in the present Bayelsa State in 1956. They were expecting, among other amenities, regular electricity supply, coastal road networks, efficient health care delivery system, sustainable community development, and gainful employment, etc. They are aware that MNOCs usually provides such amenities for their host communities in Europe, and expected same in the Niger Delta. This did not happen, and they protested, especially from 1990s, and later went underground to vandalize oil pipelines as a way of expressing their frustration over the long years of neglect and underdevelopment. This means, the frustration is “induced” by MNOCs and the federal government. Thus, in applying the theory to the circumstances in the Niger Delta, we have to modify it to that, “induced-frustration-aggression theory (IFAT)”. This is where Gur’s “relative deprivation” thesis comes in. According to Gurr the greater the dependency, however marginal, between what is sought and what seem attainable, the greater will be the chances that anger and violence will result. It should be emphasized that aggression is not just restricted to natural reaction or instinct as the realist and biological theorists assume, but more importantly, to a situation where legitimate desires of an individual or community (which in case of the Niger Delta, the oil producing communities) are denied. Such denials have led some people, especially the youths to form militant organizations to apply unconventional methods to express their anger at MNOCs they perceived or hold responsible for their deprivation. A common manner in which frustration leads to aggression in the Niger Delta is shown in Tables 1 and 2, and examined in three case studies involving Jesse, Adeje, and Warri towns between 1998 and 2003. In examining related literature, it is obvious that the issue of resource allocation and distribution as a major induced-frustration-aggression quadrant within the Nigeria State cannot be over-emphasized. This is because, where as the oil and gas producing communities in the Niger Delta are becoming poorer, the rest of the country is becoming richer. This paradox has induced people in the region to become restive since their personal safety or economic interests are threatened. Historical antecedents show that from the era of slave trade in 1472 to legitimate monopolistic trade that resulted in the Akassa Raid of 1895, the British Colonial Government’s economic interest sharply conflicted with that of the Niger Delta people. The discovery of crude oil and gas in Oloibiri in Bayelsa State on June 4, 1956 merely aggravated the conflict and the post-independence Governments in Nigeria have carefully crafted obnoxious laws and ineffective interventionist agencies that have transformed the region to ‘‘war zone”. It is, therefore, no longer news that the crisis in the Niger Delta has become perennial, especially from 1998. This has manifested in several ways, including oil pipelines vandalization that are discussed in the next section.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to the effect of vandalization on socio economy development a case study of kwara state
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
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These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on The effect of vandalization on socio economy development a case study of kwara state. 200 staffs of selected local government in Kwara state was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was on the effect of vandalization on socio economy development a case study of kwara state. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of vandalization on socio economy development a case study of kwara state
Summary
This study was the effect of vandalization on socio economy development a case study of kwara state. Three objectives were raised which included: To find out dangers that are associated with vandalization, to ascertain the relationship that exists between vandalization and socio-economic development of a nation and to find out the huge amount that is lost annually to vandalization. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staffs of selected local government in Kwara state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made directors, administrative staff, senior staff and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
In the course of the study, the paper critically examined why some unscrupulous citizens embarked on oil pipeline vandalism. The paper established that poverty and frustration compel some people to embark on pipeline vandalism in the Kwara state. There were also the problems of corruption and sabotage in the oil industry; the international dimension of pipeline vandalism and crude oil theft, and ineffective security arrangements around oil pipelines largely due to difficult terrain and long stretch of pipelines infrastructure. There was also the oil politics and the struggle for resource control which stokes conflicts and instigates militant activities in the Kwara state.
Recommendation
The involvement of the stakeholders host communities in the oil economy through Open and frank communications, election of credible leadership at traditional, Local, State and Federal levels, and value re-orientation to imbibe the culture of constructive dialogue. This shall make the local communities maintain their commitment to stop oil pipeline vandalization
References
- Abubakar, M., and Daku, T., “We will treat pipeline vandals like Boko Haram, Buhari warns”, The Guardian, Thursday, April 14, 2016, p1.
- Adegbite, C., Tsa, G, and Folaranmi, F., “Crushing Niger Delta militants may spell doom for Nigeria – Ezeife”, Daily Sun, Wednesday, May 18, 2016, p10.
- Amaize, E. and Brisibe, P., “Who are the Niger Delta Avengers?”, Sunday Vanguard, May 15, 2016, pp39-40.
- Asu, F., “Theft, vandalism leave fuel pipelines, depots idle”, Punch, Thursday, April 28, 2016, p29. Daily Sun Editorial, “Dealing with rising unemployment”, Daily Sun, Wednesday, May 26, 2016, p15.
- Daniel, A., Ogbodo, J., and Jimoh, A.M., “National Assembly approves N240b NDDC Budget”, The Guardian, Friday, July 30, 2010, p1.
- Ebiri, K. and Onakemu, O., “Nigerians Insensitivity to Niger delta Issues responsible for renewed militancy”, The Guardian, Saturday, May 14, 2016, p51.
- Eboh, M., “Nigeria loses N13 billion to oil theft, vandalism in one month”, Vanguard, Tuesday, May 31, 2016, p21.
- Ejim, C., “JTF takes advocacy against oil theft to Bayelsa community”, New Telegraph, Tuesday, February 24, 2015, p48.
- Ekpu, R., “The Dilemma of the Niger Delta”, Newswatch, August 13, 2007, p10. For a detailed study of oil politics and conflicts in the Niger Delta region see Tamuno, T.N., Oil Wars in the Niger Delta, 1949-2009, Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited; See also
- Njoku, A. O. “Security and Social Movements in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Perspective”, Asia Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Vol.3, No 1., 2015, pp58-69.
