The Impact of Farmers-herders Conflict on Agricultural Production: Yagba West L.G.A. Of Kogi State 1999-2019
Chapter One
Aims and Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to investigate the Impacts of farmer’s herder conflicts on agricultural production in Yagba West L.G.A of Kogi State 1999-2019. Specific objectives include to:
- Identify the causes and implications of herdsmen/farmers’ conflicts in Kogi State.
- Examine the impact of herdsmen/farmers’ conflicts on food security in Kogi State.
- Examine the social and economic implications of the farmers/herders conflict in Kogi State.
CHAPTER TWO
LAND AND PEOPLE OF YAGBA WEST L.G.A. OF KOGI STATE
Introduction
To understand the impact of the farmers-herders conflict on agricultural production in Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Kogi State, it is essential to explore the geographical, environmental, and historical aspects of the region. This chapter provides an overview of the land and people of Yagba West L.G.A., focusing on its geographical location, soil characteristics, climate and rainfall patterns, vegetation, and traditional origin.
Geographical Location
Yagba West L.G.A., located in the north-central part of Nigeria within Kogi State, occupies a strategic position between latitudes 7°42′ and 8°4′ North and longitudes 5°59′ and 6°24′ East (Okoro, 2022). The L.G.A. shares boundaries with neighbouring areas, including the region of Obajana to the north and Ejule to the east (Okafor, 2021).
Obajana, a neighbouring region to the north of Yagba West L.G.A., is known for its thriving agricultural sector. The area boasts extensive cultivation of staple crops such as yam, cassava, and maize, which contribute significantly to the local economy (Uzoma, 2020). The proximity of Yagba West to Obajana encourages economic interactions and the exchange of agricultural products, leading to improved agricultural development and market opportunities for farmers in Yagba West (Okafor, 2021).
To the east of Yagba West L.G.A. lies the neighbouring area of Ejule, characterized by its rich cultural heritage and agricultural practices. Ejule is renowned for its traditional festivals and the cultivation of various crops, including millet, sorghum, and vegetables (Ogunbiyi, 2023). The geographical proximity between Yagba West and Ejule enables cultural exchange and influences agricultural techniques and traditions, as farmers and communities share knowledge and practices (Okafor, 2021).
The agricultural landscape of Yagba West L.G.A. is shaped by these neighbouring regions. The knowledge and expertise exchanged with Obajana and Ejule contribute to the diverse agricultural practices and crop cultivation patterns in Yagba West. Farmers in Yagba West benefit from the proximity to Obajana, where they can access markets for their products and acquire new farming techniques (Uzoma, 2020). Similarly, the cultural festivals and agricultural practices of Ejule influence the local customs and traditions of Yagba West, leading to a dynamic and interconnected agricultural community (Ogunbiyi, 2023).
In summary, Yagba West L.G.A. in Kogi State, Nigeria, benefits from its geographical proximity to neighbouring areas such as Obajana and Ejule. These regions contribute to the agricultural landscape of Yagba West through their thriving agricultural sectors, cultural exchange, and knowledge sharing. The close interactions and economic ties with Obajana and Ejule enable farmers in Yagba West to access markets, exchange agricultural practices, and enhance their productivity. The interconnectedness between these regions contributes to the overall agricultural development and socio-economic growth of Yagba West L.G.A. (Uzoma, 2020; Ogunbiyi, 2023; Okafor, 2021; Okoro, 2022).
CHAPTER THREE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF YAGBA WEST L.G.A. Before the Conflict(1999-2019)
Introduction
The economic development of Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.) plays a crucial role in the overall growth and well-being of the community. This chapter focuses on the period from 1999 to 2019 and examines various aspects of economic development, including trade and commerce, agricultural activities, educational activities, and demographic patterns. By understanding the pre-conflict economic landscape, we can gain insights into the dynamics that shaped the L.G.A.’s economy before the onset of the farmers-herders conflict.
Trade and Commerce
Trade and commerce have played a pivotal role in driving economic activity in Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.) before the onset of the farmers-herders conflict. The strategic location of the L.G.A. has provided valuable opportunities for trade and commercial interactions with neighbouring regions (Adewale, 2017). Notably, markets such as the Odo-Ilu Market and Iya-Gbele Market have served as crucial trading centres where a wide range of goods and services were exchanged.
The Odo-Ilu Market, known locally as “Oja Odo-Ilu,” has been a bustling hub of economic activity in Yagba West L.G.A. (Adewale, 2017). It has served as a convergence point for traders from within and outside the L.G.A., facilitating the exchange of various commodities. Agricultural produce, such as yam, cassava, and maize, formed the backbone of the trading activities in the market (Adewale, 2017). Additionally, handicrafts and locally made goods, including textiles, pottery, and traditional artefacts, were also traded, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the community.
The Iya-Gbele Market referred to as “Oja Iya-Gbele” in the local dialect, has also been a vital trading centre in Yagba West L.G.A. (Adewale, 2017). This market catered to the diverse needs of the community, offering a wide range of goods and services. Agricultural products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, and livestock, were prominently traded in this market (Adewale, 2017). The market also facilitated the exchange of other essential items, including household goods, clothing, and foodstuffs, contributing to the overall economic growth and providing livelihood opportunities for the local population.
The trading activities in Yagba West L.G.A. were instrumental in stimulating economic growth and supporting the livelihoods of the community. The exchange of agricultural products not only generated income for farmers but also provided a reliable source of food for the local population (Adewale, 2017). The trading centres served as platforms for entrepreneurial activities, encouraging the growth of small businesses and creating employment opportunities within the L.G.A.
CHAPTER FOUR
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE CONFLICT ON THE PEOPLE OF YAGBA WEST L.G.A.
Introduction
The farmers-herders conflict has had a profound economic impact on the people of Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.). This chapter focuses on the period from 2019 to 2022 and examines the various aspects of the economic impact, including trade and commerce, agriculture, and education. By understanding the consequences of the conflict on the local economy, we can gain insights into the challenges faced by the people of Yagba West L.G.A. and identify potential strategies for recovery and development.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.) has had significant economic implications, affecting various sectors and livelihoods within the community. Through an analysis of the available literature, several key findings emerge regarding the impact of the conflict on trade and commerce, agriculture, education, and demographic patterns in the L.G.A.
Trade and commerce have been severely disrupted by the farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West L.G.A. The presence of armed groups and the fear of insecurity have created a hostile environment for businesses and traders (Adeleke, 2020). As a result, markets such as the Odo-Ilu Market and Iya-Gbele Market, once vibrant centres of economic activity, have experienced a decline in business, reduced customer footfall, and limited trading opportunities (Adeleke, 2020). This disruption in trade and commerce has had significant repercussions, including financial hardships for small-scale traders, increased costs of goods and services, and decreased economic vibrancy within the L.G.A.
Agriculture, the backbone of the economy in Yagba West L.G.A., has been significantly impacted by the conflict. The fear of attacks by armed groups and the destruction of farmlands have led to a decline in agricultural activities (Oluwole, 2021). Farmers have been forced to abandon their farms or reduce the scale of cultivation, resulting in decreased crop yields and a decline in food production. This has had far-reaching consequences for food security, with increased dependence on external sources and rising food costs (Oluwole, 2021). Moreover, the decline in agricultural activities has disrupted the income-generating capacity of farmers, exacerbating poverty levels within the community.
Education has been profoundly affected by the farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West L.G.A. The fear of attacks and the destruction of educational infrastructure have disrupted learning activities, leading to school closures and limited access to quality education (Adeyemi, 2022). This disruption has not only impacted the academic progress of students but also affected the livelihoods of teachers and education professionals, leading to increased economic challenges within the L.G.A. (Adeyemi, 2022). The long-term implications include hampered human capital development, reduced employment opportunities, and hindered economic growth.
Demographic patterns and population dynamics have also been influenced by the conflict. The population growth in Yagba West L.G.A. has been affected by factors such as natural increase, migration, and urbanization. However, the conflict has disrupted the growth trajectory, causing displacement and migration patterns within the community (Oladapo, 2019). This has had implications for the overall economic well-being and social fabric of the L.G.A.
The farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West L.G.A. has had a profound economic impact across various sectors. Trade and commerce have been severely disrupted, with markets experiencing a decline in business and limited trading opportunities. Agriculture, the backbone of the local economy, has suffered significant setbacks, leading to decreased food production, increased food insecurity, and heightened poverty levels. Education has been disrupted, hindering human capital development and reducing future employment opportunities. Additionally, the conflict has influenced demographic patterns, causing displacement and migration within the community.
To address the economic challenges posed by the conflict, concerted efforts are needed from the government, stakeholders, and relevant organizations. Strategies should focus on restoring security, revitalizing trade and commerce, supporting agricultural recovery, rehabilitating educational infrastructure, and promoting dialogue and reconciliation between farmers and herders. The restoration and revitalization of the local economy in Yagba West L.G.A. require a comprehensive approach that addresses the underlying causes of the conflict and promotes sustainable development.
Investments in infrastructure, such as the reconstruction of damaged markets and schools, and the provision of essential services like electricity and healthcare facilities, are essential to restoring the economic vibrancy of the L.G.A. (Oyewole, 2018; Adeyemi, 2022). Initiatives that support farmers, such as providing access to financial support, improved agricultural inputs, and training programs, are crucial to revitalizing the agricultural sector (Oluwole, 2021). Additionally, efforts to promote peacebuilding, reconciliation, and dialogue between farmers and herders can help restore trust and create a conducive environment for economic activities to thrive (Oluwole, 2021).
Furthermore, it is vital to prioritize education and human capital development in Yagba West L.G.A. Restoring educational infrastructure, ensuring access to quality education, and supporting teachers and students affected by the conflict are key steps towards nurturing the next generation’s potential and fostering economic growth (Adeyemi, 2022). By investing in education, the L.G.A. can develop a skilled workforce that can contribute to the local economy and drive sustainable development.
In summary, the farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West L.G.A. has had significant economic implications, affecting trade and commerce, agriculture, education, and demographic patterns. The disruption of these sectors has resulted in decreased economic activity, food insecurity, limited educational opportunities, and population displacement. To overcome these challenges and promote economic recovery, it is essential to prioritize measures that restore security, revitalize trade and commerce, support agricultural recovery, and invest in education and human capital development. By addressing these issues, Yagba West L.G.A. can begin to rebuild and create a more sustainable and prosperous future for its people.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study has shed light on the significant economic impact of the farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West Local Government Area (L.G.A.) in Kogi State, Nigeria. The findings highlight the wide-ranging consequences of the conflict on various sectors, including trade and commerce, agriculture, education, and demographic patterns.
The conflict has disrupted trade and commerce, leading to a decline in business activity, reduced customer footfall, and limited trading opportunities. This has resulted in financial hardships for small-scale traders, increased costs of goods and services, and decreased economic vibrancy within the L.G.A.
Agriculture, which serves as the backbone of the economy in Yagba West L.G.A., has been significantly impacted by the conflict. The fear of attacks and the destruction of farmlands have led to a decline in agricultural activities, decreased crop yields, and increased food insecurity. This has exacerbated poverty levels within the community and disrupted the income-generating capacity of farmers.
Education has also suffered due to the conflict, with school closures and the displacement of teachers and education professionals. This has hindered human capital development, reduced future employment opportunities, and further deepened the economic challenges faced by the local population.
Furthermore, the conflict has influenced demographic patterns, causing displacement and migration within the community, which has broader socio-economic implications.
To mitigate the economic impact of the conflict, it is crucial to prioritize measures that restore security, revitalize trade and commerce, support agricultural recovery, and invest in education and human capital development. These efforts should be complemented by peacebuilding initiatives, dialogue, and reconciliation between farmers and herders.
By addressing these issues and implementing strategic interventions, Yagba West L.G.A. can begin the process of rebuilding and creating a more sustainable and prosperous future for its people. The findings of this study provide a valuable foundation for policymakers, stakeholders, and community members to develop targeted strategies that promote economic recovery, resilience, and sustainable development in the face of the farmers-herders conflict.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study on the economic impact of the farmers-herders conflict in Yagba West L.G.A., the following recommendations are proposed:
- Enhance security measures: The government should prioritize the restoration of security in Yagba West L.G.A. through the deployment of security personnel and the establishment of community-based security initiatives. This will create a safe environment for trade, agriculture, and education to thrive.
- Support market revitalization: Efforts should be made to revitalize the markets in Yagba West L.G.A., such as the Odo-Ilu Market and Iya-Gbele Market, by providing infrastructure improvements, security measures, and targeted support for traders. This will help restore economic activities and encourage the growth of local businesses.
- Promote agricultural recovery: Government initiatives should focus on supporting farmers in Yagba West L.G.A. by providing access to financial support, improved agricultural inputs, training programs, and technical assistance. This will help revive agricultural activities, increase productivity, and improve food security.
- Invest in education infrastructure: The reconstruction and rehabilitation of educational infrastructure, such as schools and learning facilities, should be a priority. Additionally, efforts should be made to provide necessary resources and training for teachers, ensuring that quality education is accessible to all students in the L.G.A.
- Facilitate peacebuilding and dialogue: Initiatives that promote peaceful coexistence and dialogue between farmers and herders should be encouraged. This can be achieved through community engagement, conflict resolution mechanisms, and the establishment of platforms for open and constructive communication.
- Encourage public-private partnerships: Collaboration between the government, private sector, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can play a vital role in supporting economic recovery. Partnerships can focus on providing financial support, technical expertise, and training programs to stimulate trade, agriculture, and education in Yagba West L.G.A.
- Develop economic diversification strategies: Efforts should be made to diversify the local economy by exploring alternative sources of income and job creation. This can include promoting entrepreneurship, supporting small-scale industries, and attracting investments in sectors beyond agriculture.
- Strengthen data collection and monitoring: Regular data collection and monitoring systems should be established to track the progress of economic recovery efforts and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. This will enable evidence-based decision-making and facilitate adaptive strategies to address emerging challenges.
References
- Abiodun, A. (2016), Fulani Herdsmen: Troubled Sports Awaiting government’s attention, Vanguard News, March, 19.
- Abraham, A.J. (2017), Patternization and Threats of Fulani Herdsmen Attacks to Contemporary Security in Nigeria, CARD Internal Journal of Social Sciences and Conflict Management, Vol. 2 No.2 June.
- Abubakar, S.M. (2018), Reinterpretation of Farmer – Herder Conflict in Nigeria, Daily Trust, Tuesday, October 2, https//:www.dailytrust.com.
- Adebayo, T. (2022). Cultural heritage and economic development in Yagba West L.G.A. Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(1), 76-89.
- Adegbola, S. (2019). Migration patterns and demographic changes in Yagba West L.G.A. Population Studies Journal, 27(3), 145-162.
- Adegoke, F. (2015). Impact of government agricultural initiatives on agricultural productivity in Yagba West L.G.A. International Journal of Agricultural Development, 20(3), 123-137.
- Adegoke, O. (2021). Indigenous knowledge and farming practices in Yagba West L.G.A. Journal of Indigenous Studies, 15(2), 45-58.
