The Impact of Infectious Epidemic on Travel. A Case Study of Coronavirus Disease
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the effect of coronavirus disease on travelling
- To ascertain the extent of spreading coronavirus in public transport
- To ascertain the challenges of travelers during coronavirus
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Role of Transport in Predicting the Spread
Travel restrictions are implemented at a local level, state level, national level, or international travel based on the severity of the outbreak of the infectious disease. Various studies have assessed the role of travel restrictions at different levels on predicting the spread of infectious diseases. Air travel mobility network was used to study the global outbreak patterns in the early stages. The results showed that without travel restrictions, the spread of COVID-19 could have accelerated significantly, especially in Central Europe, France, and Spain. A recent study found a strong correlation between passenger volumes, number of flight routes, and the number of domestic and international COVID-19 cases, highlighting the role of air transport on the spread of the pandemic. Further, each 0.1 weekly increase in the share of Home-County stayers resulted in about six fewer COVID-19 cases or about 0.1 fewer COVID-19 deaths in the USA. More specifically, limiting children’s overseas travel was found to reduce short-term risks and contribute to delaying the outbreak by a few weeks. Further, the travel restrictions at the source of the outbreak had delayed the spread of the pandemic by a few days at the national level, while it was effective in limiting the spread internationally by a couple of weeks; after that public health interventions and behavioral changes will be needed to curb the spread. The international travel restrictions were suggested to have limited value and feasibility to limit the spreading of the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Further, considering the increased mobility of people, it was unlikely that travel restrictions can be applied effectively for future pandemics. A review of studies suggested that air transport accelerates and amplifies the propagation of influence, while no similar evidence was found for sea transport and road transport. However, other studies showed that road transport affects the spread of disease. The movement of people affects the number of infected people and the duration of the disease severely. Travel between cities is a major factor in affecting the outbreak of a disease. The mobility and length of stay at the destination and spatially controlled individual mobility affect the dynamics of an epidemic. The load distribution and increased network density contribute to the epidemic spreading . Further, it was determined that the epidemic spread can be limited by using an adaptive routing strategy rather than a conventional static routing strategy. Recently, in South Korea, with the outbreak of COVID-19 the traffic volumes decreased, and as soon as the newly detected cases decreased the traffic volumes showed an increasing trend. Previous studies which explored the role of transport on other epidemics, such as influenza A/H1N1, SARS, and Ebola, explained that the road transport and socioeconomic status, railways, highways, and civil aviation (railways and airlines at early stages, and highways simultaneously), subway ridership, and air travel rate between cities affected the spread of the disease significantly. In the case of high subway ridership, the disease propagated and the interventions used for passengers provided limited benefits. It was found that a bus transport network has a finite epidemic threshold. If the rate of infection is below this threshold then large-scale outbreaks are not possible. However, if the infection rate is more, then the spread stabilizes in a balanced state. The early and continuous implementation of social distancing measures have been shown to limit the spread of a pandemic.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to the impact of infectious epidemic on travel A case study of Coronavirus disease
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information the impact of infectious epidemic on travel A case study of Coronavirus disease. 200 staff of ministry of transport from Oyo state were selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
INTRODUCTION
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the respondents were analyzed in tabular form with simple percentage for easy understanding.
A total of 133 (one hundred and thirty three) questionnaires were distributed and 133 questionnaires were returned.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was on the impact of infectious epidemic on Travel A case study of Coronavirus disease. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of the impact of infectious epidemic on Travel
Summary
This study was on The impact of infectious epidemic on Travel A case study of Coronavirus disease. Three objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the effect of coronavirus disease on travelling, to ascertain the extent of spreading coronavirus in public transport and to ascertain the challenges of travelers during coronavirus. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staffs of ministry of transport. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made director, administrative staff, senior staff and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic poses great challenges for public transportation systems worldwide. This paper has reviewed the available evidence as it pertains to the influence of several factors on reducing or increasing the COVID-19 contagion risk in public transportation, including the occupancy levels of vehicles and stations, the exposure time (trip length), the enforcement of face mask use, and the application of enhanced hygiene standards (including sanitization and ventilation). The ongoing pandemic forces policy makers to make decisions in the context of uncertainty.
Recommendation
Fighting against COVID-19 spreading, including sharing the information of the disease transmission and epidemiological knowledge, sharing the experiences on case management and treatment approaches both for severe cases or light symptoms, and sharing new technologies or strategies to contain the transmission
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