Viewer Perception of Channels T.V Awareness Campaign on the Second Wave of Covid-19 in Nigeria (A Study of Bwari Area Council Residents Abuja)
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are:
- To ascertain the channel TV campaign programmes on Coronavirus and their frequency
- To find out the level of Bwari area council Resident’s exposure to channel TV campaign messages on Coronavirus.
- To ascertain the medium that is most effective for media campaign on Coronavirus.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of the Channel TV campaigns on Coronavirus awareness
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literatures that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.
Conceptual Framework
On December 31, 2019, the China Health Authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) to several cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City in Hubei Province in central China. The cases had been reported since December 8, 2019, and many patients worked at or lived around the local Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market although other early cases had no expo- sure to this market [Lu H, et’al 2020]. On January 7, a novel coronavirus, originally abbreviated as 2019-nCoV by WHO, was identified from the throat swab sample of a patient [Hui DS, et’al 2020]. This pathogen was later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronavirus Study Group [Gorbalenya AEA 2020] and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the WHO. As of January 30, 7736 confirmed and 12,167 suspected cases had been reported in China and 82 confirmed cases had been detected in 18 other coun- tries [Burki TK. 2020]. In the same day, WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) [Burki TK. 2020]. According to the National Health Commission of China, the mor- tality rate among confirmed cased in China was 2.1% as of February 4 [NHC, 20205] and the mortality rate was 0.2% among cases outside China [WHO, 2020]. Among patients admitted to hospitals, the mortality rate ranged between 11% and 15% [Zhao J,Hu Y,et al.2020]. COVID-19 is moderately infectious with a relatively high mortality rate, but the information available in public reports and published literature is rapidly increasing. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19 including causative agent, pathogenesis of the disease, diagnosis and treatment of the cases, as well as control and prevention strategies.
The virus: Classification and origin
SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales. The family consists of two subfamilies, Coronavirinae and Torovirinae and members of the subfamily Coronavirinae are subdivided into four genera: (a) Alphacoronavirus contains the human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-NL63; (b) Betacoronavirus includes HCoV-OC43, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome human coronavirus (SARS-HCoV), HCoV-HKU1, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); (c) Gammacoronavirus includes viruses of whales and birds and; (d) Deltacoronavirus includes viruses isolated from pigs and birds [Burrell C, et al.2016]. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to Betacoronavirus together with two highly pathogenic viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus [Kramer A, et al.2006].
SARS-CoV-2 is considered a novel human-infecting Betacoro- navirus [Lu R,et al.2020]. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genome indicates that the virus is closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses collected in 2018 in east- ern China (bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21) and genetically distinct from SARS-CoV (with about 79% similarity) and MERS-CoV [Lu R,et al.2020]. Using the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and SARS-CoV [Zhou P,et al.2020], a further study found that the virus is more related to BatCoV RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that was previously detected in Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan Province, with 96.2% overall genome sequence identity [Zhou P,et al.2020]. A study found that no evidence of recombination events detected in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 from other viruses originating from bats such as BatCoV RaTG13, SARS- CoV and SARSr-CoVs [Zhou P,et al.2020]. Altogether, these findings suggest that bats might be the original host of this virus.
However, a study is needed to elucidate whether any inter- mediate hosts have facilitated the transmission of the virus to humans. Bats are unlikely to be the animal that is directly responsi- ble for transmission of the virus to humans for several reasons [Lu R,et al.2020]:
(1) there were various non-aquatic animals (including mammals) available for purchase in Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market but no bats were sold or found;
(2)SARS-CoV-2 and its close relatives, bat- SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, have a relatively long branch (sequence identity of less than 90%), suggesting those viruses are not direct ancestors of SARS-CoV-2; and in other coronaviruses where bat is the natural reservoir such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, other animals have acted as the intermediate host (civets and pos- sibly camels, respectively). Nevertheless, bats do not always need an intermediary host to transmit viruses to humans. For example, Nipah virus in Bangladesh is transmitted through bats shedding into raw date palm sap.
Transmission
The role of the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in propagating disease is unclear. Many initial COVID-19 cases were linked to this market suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from animals to humans. However, a genomic study has provided evidence that the virus was introduced from another, yet unknown location, into the market where it spread more rapidly, although human-to-human transmission may have occurred earlier [Yu W,et al.2020]. Clusters of infected family members and medical workers have confirmed the presence of person-to-person transmission [Yu W,et al.2020]. After January 1, less than 10% of patients had market expo- sure and more than 70% patients had no exposure to the market [Yu W, et’al. 2020]. Person-to-person transmission is thought to occur among close contacts mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Fomites may be a large source of transmission, as SARS-CoV has been found to persist on surfaces up to 96h [Kramer A, et al.2016] and other coronaviruses for up to 9 days.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitute of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried out to examine the Viewer perception of channels T.V awareness campaign on the second wave of Covid-19 in Nigeria. Bwari area council Residents Abuja, Nigeria form the population of the study.]
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
Data Presentation and Analysis
The presentation began with the demographic and psychographic characteristics of the respondents. The study presented four demographic data comprising age range, marital status, educational qualifications and occupation and twenty four psychographic questions in the questionnaire. The exercise is however presented below with appropriate tables and percentages, pie charts and bar charts.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
In this study, our focus was to carryout a critical analysis on Viewer perception of channels T.V awareness campaign on the second wave of Covid-19 in Nigeria (A Study of Bwari area council Residents Abuja). The study specifically was aimed at ascertaining if the effect of channels T.V awareness campaign on the second wave of Covid-19 in Nigeria. This study reviewed and anchored its framework on Agenda setting theory.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 388 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are Bwari area council Residents in Abuja.
In conclusion of this study, major findings revealed that Channel TV awareness campaigns on coronavirus have not been adequate to produce sustainable changes in Bwari Residents . Results obtained from the study revealed that Channel TV awareness campaigns messages on coronavirus’s risk factors, common symptoms and methods of early diagnosis incomprehensive and poor. This was evident in the greater number of the research questions that received negative responses from the surveyed resident.
Confirming the above, it was found that the frequencies of these media exposure, their contents and the level of the resident’s understanding of the entire campaign programmes were altogether inconsistent and low.
It therefore showed that the Channel TV awareness campaigns on coronavirus received very low resident exposure.
As studies, reports, public opinion experts and social scientists have established, that Channel TV awareness campaigns cannot therefore produce desired positive changes or prevent negative ones without a support of face- to- face campaigns or interpersonal communication (social interaction)
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