Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Strength of Three Most Common Antibiotics Used in Enugu (Case Study of Antibiotics Drugs Brought in Obiagu.)
CHAPTER ONE
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
- To identify causative organism that are delectious to mans health.
- To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
- To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROCUREMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS
STRERPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin belongs to a group of compound known as antibiotics which are produced by microorganisms and possess the property of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other organisms (Rang et al, 2003). Streptomygriseus the streptomycin-producing organism was isolated in September 1943 and the first public announcement of the antibiotics was in 12 January 1944. The practical potentialities of all clerical application followed recognition that streptomycin was effective against the tuberculosis organism not only in vitro but abo invivo. Several clinical centers undertook to the sensitivity of different freshly isolated strains of Mycobvactenun tuberculosis to streptomycin its practical evaluation in control of tuberculosis in experimental amals and finally its use in the human body. The two chiefly mycobacterium human disease pathogen are M. tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis) and M. Leprae (which cause leprosy) bacterium actually varies since on artificial media spherical bacilli are thin straight rods measuring approximately 0.4×3 microns (Favy, 1981). It was recommended that a minimum period of treatment should be 3-6 months with daily does of 15-3.0g. on basis of treatment 100 tuberculosis cases, came to the rather optimistic conclusion that streptomycin is an antibacterial agent which possesses a unique inhibition to the growth of M. Tuberculosis both experimentally and clinically (snider et al, 1985).
Disseminated henatogenous tuberculosis of the ralary type here to fore did not respond to treatment spontaneous recoveries being entrenely. By the use of 13 streptomycin it was possible to bring about a complete clinical and roentgenologic remission (Blackburn and Aveny, 2000). After intramuscular infection, streptomycin is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in tissues except the central nervous system only 5% of the encellular concentration of streptomycin reaches the interior of the cell.
Absorbed streptomycin is exerted by glonerullar filteration into the urine. After oral administration it is poorly absorbed from the gut; most of it, is enecreted in feacus (Jawet, 1988)
CHAPTER THREEย
MATERIALS AND METYHOD
SAMPLE COLLECTIONย
Sample of high vaginal swab (HVS) and urine sample were collected from parkย lane Hospital, Enugu. They were taken to the laboratory for immediateย analysis.
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MEDIA COMPOSITIONย
The media used were nutrient Agar and blood agar.ย
Table !: Nutrient agarย
Beef extract – 3.0gย
Yeast extract – 2.0gย
Peptone water – 5.0gย
Naclย ย ย ย ย –ย ย ย ย ย ย 5.0gย
Agar (oxoid) โ 2.0gย
Distilled water – 100ml
pHย – 2.0ย
TABLE 2: BLOOD AGARย
Nutritious agarย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย –ย ย 5.6g
Sterile defrinated blood โ 2.5ml
AGARย
DIRECTION FOR PREPARATION OF NUTRIENTย
5.6g of Nutrient agar was weighed into 200ml of distilled water in aย conical flask. This was then nined gently by shaking the conical flask, corkedย with cotton wool and wrapped with aluminum foil. It was then sterilized in theย autoclave at 121ยฐc for 15 minutes. The both was allowed to cool for 50ใยฐ andย was poured aseptically into petn dishes. It was allowed to solidify and kept inย the refrigerator.
AGAR
DIRECTION FOR THE PREPARATION OF BLOODย
The molten Nutrient agar was allowed to cool for 50ยฐc and 25ml of sterile defrinated blood was poured into petridishes aseptically, allow toย solidify and kept in the refregerator.ย
CHAPTER FOURย
RESULTย
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURESย
ISOLATIONย ANDย IDETIFICATION OFย STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.ย
Staphylococcus aureus grow readily on most bacteriologic media underย acerbic condition they grow most rapidly at 37ยฐc but form pigment best at womย temperature (20-25%) it appeared whitish in colour on blood agar. There areย various procedures of biochemical test used to identify staphylococcus aureusย which includes:ย
- Catalase test: A small amount of the culture was picked from the nutrient agar slope using a clean sterile platinum loop and these wasย emulsified in a drop of hydrogen perionide solution held in a smallย clean tube. The production of bubbles from the surface of the solidย cultured material indicated the presence of Catalase.ย
- Oxidase test: A loopful of 1 % tetra-nethyl phenylene diamineย dihydrochloride coxidase reagent was sterile platinum loop, the colonyย was sneared across the moistened paper. Positive reaction was indicatedย by purple collaring across the streak. Used to show acerbic respiratory
- bacteria that can produced the enzyme cytochorne oxides and those thatย produce a reducing cytochrone C.
- INDOLE TEST: Peptone water medium was isoculated and incubatedย for 48 hours at 37ยฐc, 0.5ml Kovacs reagent was added and was shakenย gently. A red colour in the alcohol layer indicated a positive reaction andย thus Shaw that tryptophan had been broken down by the organisms.
- Citrate Utilization test: This test was done to determine whichย organization are capable of utilizing citrate as the sole source of carbonย for metabolism with resulting alkalinity, and used to differentiate them.ย
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION
Whenever people are sick they should not from this work in which case Gentnicin is more effective in the treatment of staplococcus aureus and Escheriches coli than the other antibiotics.
Therefore for the treatment of any disease infection a culture and sensitivity test must be conducted to select the best antibiotics for the treatment of this disease.
CONCLUSION
An ideal antibiotics exhibits selective toxicity. This implied that a drug in harmful to a the host. There are many antibiotics used in our society for the Fruition these antibiotics includes, erythromycin, Ampicillin, tetracylines, penicillin, Lincomycins Etc. of all these antibiotics streptomycin Chloramphenicol and gentanecin have been found to be effective in bacteria and other related infections. They can be used singly or mixed with one another for better result. In the course of the study, Gentameicun in found to be most effective to the organization tested.
REFERENCES
- Backer F.J and Silver R.E (1985) Introduction to Medical laboratory Technology 6th Edn Butter works and co. London pp.125-130
- Barstow L. J (1979) Laboratory Microbiology 3rd Ed, W.B Saundra Company Philadelphia. London.
- Black Burn A.S Avery S.V (Feb 2000) Antimicrobial agent and Chemotherapy. Pp 676-681
- Cheesbrongh, M. (1984) Medical laboratory Municipal dor tropical countries butter work and Hannama vol. 1
- Favy A.D (1981) medical laboratory science: London champion and Hall vol. 38
- Farner J. J (1995); Manual of clinical microbiology 6th Ed. Medical publishing division.
- Franklin, T.T (1975) Biochemistry of antimicrobial action 2nd Edn.
