Determine the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Among Slaughtered Cattle
Chapter One
AIMS OF STUDY
The aims of this study are to:-
- Determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth among slaughtered cattle in Benin City abattoirs.
- Determine the relationship between demographic characters and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
DESCRIPTIONย OFย THEย VIRALย AGENTSย CAUSINGย GASTROENTERITIS
Human caliciviruses: noroviruses and sapoviruses
Taxonomyย andย morpohology
Norovirusesย andย sapovirusesย areย theย twoย outย ofย fiveย generaย ofย theย familyย Caliciviridae.
Noroviruses and sapoviruses contain viruses that cause infections in humans (Figure 2). Furthermore, noroviruses have also been detected in porcine, bovine, murine, feline, ovine, pigs, cattle, canine and other species (45, 100, 101, 105, 107, 109, 122, 127, 165, 170), and sapoviruses in swine, clams and oysters (65, 121, 164, 178). In humans, noroviruses and sapoviruses cause gastroenteritis, and will be described here in more detail.
Theย otherย generaย ofย theย familyย Caliciviridaeย areย Lagovirus,ย Vesivirus,ย andย Nebovirusย encompassing viruses infecting rabbits, and brown hares (lagoviruses), sea lions, swine, cats, dogs, fish, seals, other marine animals, cattle and primates (vesiviruses), and cattle (Nebovirus) (15, 26, 38, 61, 103, 128, 135, 137, 140, 166, 179). Another potential genus, called Recovirus, in the Caliciviridae family has been described comprising viruses detected in rhesus macaques (57, 58). The animal Caliciviridae viruses can cause a range of different clinical syndromes in animals, including oral lesions, systemic disease with hemorrhagic syndromes, upper respiratory tract infections and other.
The virions of human caliciviruses are composed of a single structural capsid protein, with icosahedral symmetry, with characteristic existence of 32 cup-shaped depressions, situated on the axes of the icosahedrons.ย Itsย Latinย designation,ย calyx,ย meaningย aย cup,ย isย fromย whereย theย familyย nameย isย derivedย (Table 1) (10, 70, 169). The genome is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA of 7.5 kb with two or three open reading framesย (ORFs). In noroviruses, ORF1 encodesย for non-structural proteins, ORF2 for the structural proteins, and ORF3 encodes a protein for which the function is unknown (10, 149, 169). In the sapovirus genome, ORF1 encodes the non-structural and structural proteins, ORF2 is a small protein of unknown function and the significance of ORF3 is still uncertain (95).
Classification
Norovirusesย andย sapovirusesย areย geneticallyย diverseย andย canย beย dividedย inย genogroups.
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Noroviruses are divided in five genogroups, of which genogroup I, II and IV infect humans, while genogroup III only infects cattle and genogroup V mice. The genogroups have been characterized based on DNA sequences of PCR products from the RNA polymerase region in ORF1 (9), while sequencing of the capsid gene (ORF 2) has provided further strain discrimination and recognition of additional genotypes (56, 64, 161).
Sapoviruses are divided in five genogroups (GI to GV), where genogroup III has been found to infect porcine species, and GI, GII, GIV, and GV are known to infect humans (59, 148). Based on sequence analysis sapoviruses are genetically more similar to the members of Lagoviruses than to those in the Norovirus genus.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALSย ANDย METHODS
Statisticalย analysis
Descriptive statistics were presented as frequency and percentages. Chi-square test (ฯ2) or Fisherโs exert test (where necessary) were used to test for the association for categorical (non-continuous) variables. All statistical analyses were performedย withย Statisticalย Packageย forย Socialย Sciencesย version 25 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows. All statistics were two-tailed and a P-value <0.05 was considered statisticallyย significant.
n=138.
Therefore,ย aย totalย ofย 200ย samplesย wereย collectedย 100ย fromย sheep and 100 from cattles using convenient sampling techniques on the basis of the availability.
Sampleย Collection
The study was carried out from the period of June to July, 2019. The fecal samples were collected from 100 cattles and 100 sheep using convenient sample technique. Collection of samples was made at the abattoir, which was visited early in the morning before the butchers start the slaughtering process. About 3 โ 5kg of fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of freshly slaughtered cattles and sheep using sterile gloves and placed into a clean sterile container with 10% formalin as a preservative. Each container was clearly labelled with unique identification sex, age, and breed. Samples were then transported to the Zoology Laboratory of the Federal University of Benin, for further identification of helminth parasites.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
A total of two hundred animals (100 sheep and 100 cattles) were screened for the presence of helminth parasites. Nematode was recorded to have the highest prevalence rate with 103 (66.5%), followed by trematodes 35 (22.6%), with cestodesย beenย theย leastย infectedย with 17ย (10.1%).ย Amongย the nematode, Hookworm had the highest prevalence of 34 (21.9%) followed by 15 (14.6%) Ascaris lumbricoides, in trematodesย Fasciolaย gigantica hadย 19ย (54.3%)ย andย inย cestodes Diphyllobotum latum had the highest prevalence of 10 (58.8%) as showed in Table 1. However, the prevalence of nematode helminth was statistically significant (ฯ2 =28.17, Pย = <0.001) which is in contrast with Trematode and Cestode thatย doesย notย showย anyย significantย differenceย (ฯ2ย =ย 4.78, P =0.092, ฯ2 = 1.63, P = 0.201) respectively.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
The present study showed that it is beyond doubt that sheep and cattles of Benin are infected by a large number of helminth parasites which could be responsible for economic losses in a variety of ways, therefore, efforts should be made to control helminthiasis which requires detailed knowledge of these parasites and it is believed that the present study will provide some help for the same. The study also showed that sex, age, and breeds appear to be the major limiting factors for the prevalence of helminth parasites.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Basedย on theย aboveย conclusion,ย Iย recommend theย following:
- Strategic deworming of animals, when conditions are most favourable for larval development on the pasture, using broad spectrum
- Education and awareness creation for farmers with regards to the epidemiology of parasitic diseases. They should be taught the best parasite control strategy and management practices through extension.
- Proper inspection of animals should be done at the slaughter house, to ensure that already infected animals are not been slaughtered to the general public for consumption.
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