Illumination Design and Simulation for Outdoor Sporting Arenas

Illumination Design and Simulation for Outdoor Sporting Arenas

Chapter One

PROJECT MOTIVATION

The increasing importance of sporting activities for healthy living, leisure and entertainment has made demand from the populace for sporting facilities in the form of Mega and Mini Stadia, Gymnasia, Playfields and various courts a regular request and therefore important to governments and investors. Integral to these sporting facilities is lighting for spectator stands, participant changing rooms, sporting fields and courts. It is a fact that the design of such lighting schemes usually involves costly and various avoidable errors and tight time schedules (Fink and Beatty, 1978). The design engineer is also usually faced with several client demands or even several clients with difficult inflexible schedules. It became critical to develop a more cost effective, better, faster way to undertake such designs for spectator stands, participant changing rooms, sporting fields and courts.

CHAPTER TWO

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

This chapter seeks to introduce the subject of illumination and look at the theoretical issues involved in internal, external lighting and floodlighting. It also seeks to review some of the literature on studies in this area of illumination.

Theoretical Background

Illumination was one of the earliest applications of electrical engineering and is still in terms of utilisation, an area that affects the largest number of persons. This is because it is the main and most basic use of electricity in homes, offices and in all other facets of life (Starr, 1973). Illumination by electric lamps is cheaper and more convenient than by any other method. In fact it is likely that the electrical industry could not have developed at more than a fraction of its speed if it were not for the early profits it made from electric lighting (Starr, 1973).

There has always been a growing interest in getting abundant light at a very low cost. Lighting is very important in modern life and good lighting has several advantages, some of which include the following:

1. clear visual perception of objects and surroundings,
2. increased efficiency, better appearance, reduced accidents,

• better utilization of time by not depending on direct sunlight (which is usually available for limited hours),

1. high reliability, and
2. reduction of eye strain and better health of the community

Illumination in exterior or interior lighting has extensive application in residential buildings, commercial complexes, shops, cinemas, street lighting, railway yards, aerodromes, factories, libraries, museums, amusement parks, operation theatres, and football fields. It is with a view thus to regulate and ensure provision of good illumination that the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) and Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) published lighting codes. Good illumination must have the following qualities (Joseph, 2003).

1. Clear perception without glare,
2. Adequate luminance,

• Economy,

1. Aesthetics and beautiful appearance.

Illumination is broadly categorized into interior lighting and exterior lighting. Although the same lighting fundamentals apply to both, their applications are different for several reasons (Miheala, 2007)

• Minimal reflected component is included in exterior lighting design
• The night sky is dark often resulting in high contrast
• Exterior lighting is often designed for a variety of persons and / or tasks, For example in sports fields, light must be provided for the players, the referees, the spectators and the TV cameras, each of these having different visual requirements.
• The viewing of vertical, or perhaps oblique surfaces, is often of primary importance in exterior lighting.
• Quite often, especially in sports lighting, the object being viewed is moving rapidly.
• Very often exterior lighting conditions are such that vision is mesopic (<30 1x) involving both cones and rods.
• The issues of light trespass and light pollution are of concern. Light trespass is unwanted light from luminaires on adjacent property. It manifests itself as increased ambient illumination or distracting glare. Light pollution is the sky glow produced by outdoor lighting, caused by reflected light from the ground and structures and from direct upward light from luminaires with improper cut off.

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Exterior lighting is achieved by the use of floodlights, hence is popularly referred to as floodlighting.Floodlighting means flooding of large surfaces with the help of light from powerful projectors (Rao, 2006). Several factors have to be considered in floodlighting design, some of which are:-

1. The selection of aiming point
2. The location of floodlighting poles and configuration

• The computation of coefficient of utilisation

1. The determination of pole height and spacing
2. The choice of types of lamps to be used.

Choices of optimal value for each of the factors involve one or several computations which could be computerize. The use of computers in lighting design is a practical necessity if really useful results are to be obtained. Computer analysis will give useful point by point luminance figures plus the necessary data on Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) and Equivalent Sphere Illumination (ESI) for selected locations and viewing directions. The computer would also perform the calculations.

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CHAPTER THREE

PROPOSED ILLUMINATION DESIGN METHOD

INTRODUCTION

Looking at the floodlighting design procedure stated in chapter two, a number of additional steps are hereby proposed to improve on the design process. These procedures have been made possible by the availability of computers and adoptable software packages that could be employed to speed up the computations and even depict the results in any chosen graphical form (Stanley, 1980). For these, MATLAB software would be employed due to its advantages (Palm, 1998).

The proposed procedures to improve the illumination design process for sporting arenas are as follows:

1. Any of the several lighting fixture locations could be used and then compared for the best choice using graphical depictions
2. Various heights and spacing of fixture positions could be used and also compared for the best choice using graphical depictions.

• The number of points on the point-by-point method computation could be varied to arrive at the optimal number of points to give the uniformity of distribution desired. To do this Monte Carlo Technique would be employed.

1. The arrangement of the floodlights in vertical and horizontal form on the tower or mast could be optimised too by looking at the choice of how many columns and rows would be best suited to give the most uniform illumination.
2. The training (adjustments) of the floodlights for the best aiming angles and azimuth positions to give the best uniformity of illumination instead of being by trial and error could be done by Monte-Carlo Technique (Richard and Travis, 2004).

MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS

Monte Carlo method was invented by scientist working on the atomic bomb in the 1940s, who named it after the city of Monaco famed for its casinos and games of chance. Its core idea is to use random samples of parameters or input to explore the behavior of a complex system or process (Solver.com, 2010). The method tends to be used when it is infeasible, impossible or less efficient to compute an exact result with a deterministic algorithm. On the other hand, even when the data is exact, it is sometimes beneficial to deliberately introduce randomness into the search process as a means of speeding convergence and making the algorithm less sensitive to modeling errors (Woller, 2011).

Monte Carlo is a stochastic optimization method employed by engineers in probabilistic design for simulating and understanding the effects of variability (Woller, 2011). There is no single Monte Carlo method. Instead the term describes a large and widely used class of approaches. However, these approaches tend to follow a particular pattern:

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND ANALYSES

BEST AIMING POINT

The MATLAB code I, when ran, each time went through three iteration loops

for,

K=1 to 10000;

Xn=1 to 20;

n = 1 to 1000;

These iteration loops will produce 20000 random values of X in the range Xn =1 to 20 and compute the values of the illumination and find its highest and the lowest values, then compute the uniformity as the ratio of the maximum to the minimum. These ratios will then be checked for the very best that will give the most uniform illumination distribution called Xbest.

The histogram in Figure 4.1 shows the various points at which aiming points that give the most uniform illumination within cell U1 of the football field, referred to as Xbest occur. By Monte Carlo Analysis the best of all these points is the mode which occurs at Xbest is 7 from which the aiming point was computed as

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

This chapter seeks to highlight the major contributions of this research work, to enumerate the limitations of the study and to give suggestions for further work in illumination research.

This study has focused mainly on using Monte Carlo Analysis programmed using MATLAB to optimize illumination design, to simulate the illumination equations, display the results in graphical form using isolux contours and assess energy and cost savings potential in a more uniformly illuminated sporting arena.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A factor of light beam intensity variation within 10% of peak intensity over the arena, illuminated for each floodlight was introduced into the illumination equation, to take care of the facts that the beam intensity varies with aiming point over the area illuminated (Joseph, 2003).

The use of Monte Carlo Method to determine the best aiming points of the floodlights as an alternative to having to do it by trial and error on the field at installation stage was investigated and found to be satisfactory in achieving uniform illumination of the field. Moreover, finding the best aiming points by trial and error would require the use of equipment like the goniometer and photometer, which may not be readily available. Using Monte Carlo Analysis in this way in illumination projects will always lead to savings in project design and delivery time and hence in cost.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Detailed experimental study to practically measure the various illuminances at various stages of the work could have been conducted but for non-availability of equipment such as photometer and goniometer.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that this research work achieved the following:

1. Proposed a factor of light beam intensity variation to take care of the fact that the beam intensity varies with aiming point over the area illuminated.
2. Proposed a method of determining the best aiming points for floodlights on a sporting arena using Monte Carlo Analysis rather than the trial and error along with the use of special equipment such as the goniometer and photometer.

• Developed the illumination equations from trigonometric form to Cartesian form to enable the application of Monte Carlo Analysis.

1. Analysed that a more uniformly illuminated field will not only lead to less glare, less lighting pollution, but will also lead to some energy savings, though seemingly meagre instantaneously, but could become considerable if viewed from the point of view of the life-span of a floodlight, the hours of operation daily ,and will thus run into several Gigawatt-hours of electricity. These Gigawatt-hours of electricity is responsible for millions of tons of CO₂emissions (IDA, 2011) and is a major source of concern to the environment.

1. Developed MATLAB Codes which could be used to speed up floodlighting design with more accuracy. They could be used by any designer easily and be adopted for use for other arenas apart from a football field.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

With the availability of equipment like photometer, goniometer, reflectors, beam optical concentrators, diffusers, lasers, masers, several measurements and studies could be conducted to see other factors that affect variability of uniformity of illumination, glare, light pollution, luminous efficacy and economics of lighting for arena illumination design.

The rising cost of energy and its negative consequences has lead to a very important need to find more reliable, cheaper and more maintainable lamps, lighting circuits, equipment and materials, which all need to be researched into extensively.

REFERENCES

• Allen J.,Wang W., Shi-Min, C.; Chang-Nan C.; Yi-Uung, C. Hung C.H. and Xi D. (2010). High Uniform Illumination of Light emittiing diodes lighting with applying the multiple-curvature lens, Optical Review, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 218- 223.
• Anders, N. (2008), Two Hybrid Method of Volumetric Lighting, MSc.Thesis Engineering Mathematics, Lund University, Germany
• Bendixen, M. and Koch C., (2007), Negotiating Visualizations in Briefing and Design, Journal of Building Research & Information, (www.rbri.com)
• Deepa, R. and Jayashri, B.; Arvid, S.; (2012).Automated Test Jig for Uniformity Evaluation of Luminaires, International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, IJEAT, ISSN ,2231-1963.
• Fink, D. G. and Beatty, H. W. (1978), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 7^th Edition, Caledonia, McGraw Hill Inc.
• Fu, M. C. (2002). Optimisation for Simulation: Theory Vs Practice, INFORMS Journal on Computing 14(3)
• Henderson, S. T. and Marsden, A. M. (1972), Lamps and Lighting,London, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.
• Homepage, International Dark-sky Association, http//www.darksky.org/mc/page.do
• Jitka, M. (2007), Electric Energy Savings and Light Guides, Journal of World
• Scientific and Engineering, Academy and Society (WSEAS), Wisconsin, USA, Stevens Point

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