Influence of Public Health Campaigns in Combating Drug Abuse in Selected Local Government Areas in Ekiti State
Chapter One
The Purpose of the study.
The purpose of this study was to assess influence of public health campaigns in selected Nigerian Local government areas.
Specific objectives:
The specific objectives were:
- To establish objectives, levels and principles of public health campaigns‟ and activities‟ currently in existence in communities.
- To establish methods of implementation of public health campaigns in
- To determine student utilization of and participation in public health campaigns and activities in communities
- To establish challenges to effective implementation of public health campaigns in communities.
- To find out if prevention programs and activities target factors which sustain drug abuse in communities.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to assess influence of public health campaigns in selected Local government areas in Nigeria. This chapter presents theoretical framework of the study based on Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1986) and Ecological Systems Theory (Brofenbrenner 1944) and other augmenting theoretical frameworks and concepts. It discusses literature review, on researchers‟ findings on public health campaigns over time in World, African and Nigerian communities. These prevention programs discuss their effectiveness in reducing drug abuse behaviors. Principles for effective prevention programs emanating from Dusenbury & Falco‟s (1995) evaluation of several public health campaigns provide basis to discourses in this section. The Conceptual framework of the study comes at the end of the chapter delaminating major features of consideration in any effective drug abuse prevention program.
Theoretical Framework
This study specifically made use of two theories namely, Self-efficacy theory (Bamdura, 1986) and Ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1944) because their tenets demonstrated relevant relationship to the parameters measuring effectiveness and objectives of the study.
Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1986)
This theory was proposed by Albert Bandura, a Psychologist born in 1925 at Alberta, Canada. Bandura (1995, 2004) perceived self-efficacy as beliefs in one‟s capacity to
organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. Other researchers advance this point that, Self–efficacy, or the confidence in personal ability, has been shown to predict a variety of health behavior outcomes (Ormrod, 2003; Margolis & McCabe, 2006; Conner & Norman, 2009). Bandura (1977) states that people‟s level of motivation affective states and actions are based more on what they believe than what is objectively true and for this reason, how people behave can often be better predicted by the beliefs they hold about their capacities than by what they are actually capable of accomplishing. According to him therefore, self-efficacy perceptions help determine what individuals do with the knowledge and skills they have.
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Bandura‟s theory is a pointer to an important situation that could emerge in communities in which established prevention programs may either be utilized by students or not. This dichotomous position is determined by the beliefs and attitudes they hold about the impact prevention programs create in their lives. Theory of Planned Behaviors (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) describes attitude as a disposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to an object, behavior, person, institution or event. Zimmermann (2008) argues that an elemental support of the effect of attitude on self-regulation is a dynamic process in which the individual engages as he or she works toward a goal. Without feedback or reflection, adjustments cannot be made and regulation of behaviors does not take place. He views the environment as an influencer to self-regulation in either a positive or negative direction. If the environment provides no feedback or social cues, it is difficult for effective self-regulation to take place.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter provides methodological procedures explaining how assessment of influence of substance abuse prevention programs in selected Local government areas in Nigeria was carried out. It includes description of the research design, the target population, sample and sampling procedures, research instruments, data collection and analysis procedures and data management ethical standards each with factors validating their utility choice in this study.
Research design
It was a cross-sectional survey design which utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques with more emphasis on qualitative approach. This research design was found appropriate to realizing epistemological, theoretical and methodological way of working to serve research purpose (Saldana, 2011). It was cross-sectional involving students from third year to fourth year because first and second year students were omitted due to their short duration at the university. It also involved social support providers in various ranks such as wardens, counselors, chaplains and students in the general population and student leaders.
Variables
This study assessed influence of prevention programs by operationalizing parameters deemed necessary to identify effectiveness namely; objectives of various levels of prevention programs, methods of service delivery, availability of human and material resources, synchronization and coordination of prevention programs into other university programs, suitability of prevention programs to users psychosocial and socio-cultural attributes, efficient accessibility of programs to users, student responsiveness, apt response to challenges encountered by the programs and factors sustaining drug abuse in the university. This research also plunked into consideration of confounding variables such as university support, partnership with outside agencies and cultural dynamism. The assumption was that prevention programs that enjoy strong support by the university seem to perform more effectively whereas partnerships with outside agencies may create easy accessibility to financial and material support. Cultural dynamism does not take the same pace in all communities and has great influence on psychosocial factors for prevention. These factors constituted fundamental areas which qualified for meticulous attention during assessment of influence of public health campaigns in communities.
Target Population.
The target population was undergraduate university students in third and fourth year in selected Local government areas in Nigeria.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
This chapter presents analysis, research findings and discussions guided by the objectives of the study derived from the study purpose. The overriding purpose of this study was to assess influence of public health campaigns in Public and Private Nigerian Universities. Mixed quantitative and qualitative data analysis procedures and techniques were employed. Presentation of research findings encompassed use of summary displays, diagrams, graphs and tables (Saldana, 2011; Scott & Mazhindu, 2005).
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to assess influence of public health campaigns in selected Local government areas in Nigeria. Research findings and discussions in chapter four unveiled several trajectories which set the basis for summaries, conclusions and recommendations presented in this chapter.
Summary
Demographic information of research respondents
Demographic characteristics of respondents which consisted of gender, faculty, year of study, residence and use of drugs displayed a homogenous trend in domains and responses to questions and discussions in the FGD and QIS in all communities under study. This study found out that there were more male than female respondents; a picture that was consistent with Nigerian communities‟ enrolments with more male for six years from 2003 to 2009 as shown in table 4.1. Other studies sustain this trend with higher percentages for male respondents than female (NACADA, (2012) 54.4%; Atwoli et al. (2011) 52.2%; Barasa, Toili & China (2011) 53% and Kyalo & Rose, (2011) 63%. However, this study did not establish other factors associated to this male dominated sample sizes. Despite this gender variation, no significant respondents‟ views divergence was noted.
Results on drug use and abuse indicated presence of drug abuse cases falling under all the three levels of prevention (Public Health model, Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994; Ayah, 2011, Kloos, et.al, 2012) However, current practices in communities as demonstrated by findings showed predominant presence of primary level of prevention. It further showed that this primary level as implemented at the communities at the time of study does not meet the basic elements of effective primary level prevention as recommended by prevention principles (Dusenbury & Falco (1995).
Despite the fact that resident and nonresident students had similar information, it was clear that resident students benefit from programs planned within evening hours and weekends. Faculties showed varying correlates of drug abuse which public health campaigns need to identify and attend to in their programs.
Objectives of prevention programs currently at work in communities
This study found a symmetrical trend in lack of specific objectives which guide operations of activities. There were instead general objectives without specified time and personnel to undertake the actions planned. The general objective consistently common in all communities was reduction of drug abuse but without how to do it nor specific implementers. This was found to be a good goal but too broad to propel implementable activities. This could lead to failure in planning, implementation and evaluation of the progress of these programs. Studies (Berkowitz, & Schultz, J(2013); Dusenbury, Brannigon, Falco & Hansen (1990b) state that setting objectives enable programs to structure for prioritization, remove ambivalences, focus resources to drive performance and efficiency, identify areas for improvement and set stage for completeness check. It is inevitably a weakness therefore for public health campaigns to operate prevention activities without well aligned objectives.
Results in all communities revealed presence of activities in all levels of prevention with predominance of primary prevention. Staff and students with integrated help of outside agencies undertake activities in complementary working or independently. However, results showed a strong skewedness in coordination. Activities mainly entailed dissemination of information through talk shows, posters, radio programs and trainings. However, there was homogeneity in communities on findings showing that a large percentage of students (55.2%) indicated not being aware of prevention programs due to lack of adequate information.
Program implementation
This study discovered a derisory state of financial and material resources with few personnel and scanty specialization in the area of drug abuse. Funds for training materials and facilitation of anti-drug abuse campaigns were reported missing in most cases. Harnessing of resources was shown to be a challenge because of university financial control systems which are procedural and policy-based, causing serious delays in implementation. Inversely, resources play a crucial role in effective implementation of any program (Durlak, 2013; Bartholomew, Parcel, Kok & Gottlieb, 2006; Mihalic et al., 2004).
This study unveiled a robust mismatch between students‟ characteristics and methods of conveying information which according to respondents was the major reason why students were not making use of public health campaigns activities. Findings revealed that many respondents (68.5%) appraised information display unfavorably. Interesting information from the findings was the suggestion for public health campaigns to style up to digital approach as opposed to analogue approach in communicating to students. Further findings showed that analogue approach is weak in conveyance efficiency as opposed to digital which is the ability to create persuasive communications in different media, be it websites, video, audio, text, or animated multimedia (Chitode, 2008). public health campaigns could institute appropriate modes of communication such as electronic messages for students to get information in less formalized settings such as their waiting benches where attitudinal dispositions might not negatively affect reception of messages.
Research findings revealed that coordination amongst public health campaigns is quite poor and is only limited to referral processes which are few and occasional consultations that members of different departments carry out amongst themselves. Factors attributed to poor coordination are, poor streamlining of public health campaigns in the university system on policy structures hence inadequate demarcation and uptake of roles and functions. This situation leads to confusion, superficial service delivery and duplication of activities without accountability.
Academic and non-academic departments which are hubs of student activities including those which are not purposefully involved in ADA prevention play a key role in effective implementation of public health campaigns. They are the joints for students who may not be reaching out to prevention programs from where they are offered. Research findings demonstrated that a large percentage (73.12%) of respondents felt that their departments were not involved in public health campaigns activities. This may imply public health campaigns inability to inclusively advance their activities to many students which in turn negatively affects successful implementation.
Respondents who felt public health campaigns involved their departments cited presence of dissemination methods in their departments as reasons why they thought public health campaigns involved their departments. This may indicate positive outcomes although it doesn‟t stipulate effectiveness since there should be more activities than just presence of dissemination methods. Departments can be involved in planning of public health campaigns and in baseline surveys and outreaches to high schools or community.to bring about a congruous achievement of university mission and vision. Other studies (Insel et al., .2012; Kloos, 2012; NIDA, 2009) show benefits accrued from interdepartmental collaboration in approaches to drug abuse prevention.
All communities alluded to the fact that public health campaigns has impact in DSA prevention. Great emphasis in this study came out that public health campaigns has a lot of impact in cases of; bereavement; traumatic events, relationships; reduced, student rowdiness and outreach activities particularly to high schools on issues of academic performance, drug abuse and early pregnancy prevention which are all factors related to drug abuse. This raised one big question as to factors leading to a rising trend (Magu, Mutugi, Ndahi & Wanzala, 2013) in DSA yet respondents claimed positive impact of public health campaigns. Spoth (2013) in his six-year study finding out outcomes of PROSPER project, concluded that „We think the programs work well because they reduce behaviors that lace youth at higher risk for substance misuse and conduct problems‟. In the PROSPER Project, there were significant reduction rates for amphetamine, marijuana, alcohol, cigarette and inhalant use. On the same note, Larmer, Kilmer & lee (2005) argue that interventions are shown to be efficacious in drug prevention and treatment.
Results depicted a poor rating (64%) on public health campaigns performance with reasons that there is no adequate information; there are no vibrant resources and poor implementation strategy. It is most likely that implementation strategies being employed are not matching with socio-cultural, developmental and intellectual levels of students. Program to program evaluation which could help in identification of components which require modification to suit characteristic factors of users was missing in all communities.
Three strong suggestions on more popular methods are dissemination of information, bolstering more effective methods and involvement of students and lecturers in public health campaigns. These suggestions are in line with other studies (Rogers, 1995 in Larimer Kilmer & lee (2005). Feldestein & Glasgow (2008) on their model called the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability (PRISM) Model argue that for the organization, organizational component will influence adoption, implementation and maintenance of the program whereas patients‟ characteristics on the other hand will influence patient recipient attitudes which influence in turn implementation success. University situational analysis on factors related to users‟ characteristics in comparison to public health campaigns activities as suggested by Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1944) is a factor which was demonstrated being essential for prevention effectiveness.
Student participation and utilization of prevention programs
Results revealed a high percentage (85.9%) of students who reported not being aware of any student groups who participate in prevention programs. This is indicative of a situation in which students tend to play a more passive role than active participation, a condition which may not encourage effectiveness. Nevertheless, student active participation is a critical ingredient for success (Larimer, Kilmer & lee (2005) but this study did not substantial work needs to be carried out to find out the factors attributed to student detachment.
An investigation into four aspects of participation namely acceptance, support, involvement and readiness exhibited a homogenous rating indicating low student participation (P Value above 0.05) although involvement of students in activities is shown to enhance their support of the programs (Murphy et al., 2005; Eccles et al., 2003). A good example are the Peer Programs which have been designed to encourage attitudes, knowledge, behaviors and outcomes that the community considers desirable and to discourage attitudes, behaviors and outcomes that a community considers undesirable (Hansen et al.2007). This study concurred with this research that peer counseling program seems to achieve better than other programs because students understand their peers through commonality in experiences and have no authority barrier found in most social providers consisting of counselors in the Dean of Students Office. One respondent commented „Who would dare go for counseling whose office is in the Dean of students Office which is The Hague of the university with so many Ocampos‟. This reflects inability of students to separate roles of the counselors from those of other personnel in the office of Dean of Students. It also reflects on lack of trust in social support providers. public health campaigns dormancy, students‟ lack of ADA knowledge and student negative attitude due to economic and socio-cultural factors cause ineffectiveness but (Henning, 2011; Lewis, 2010) appeal for keen attention to socio-cultural factors.
Results provided a significant agreement (80%) that students should be used as agents of ADA prevention for students to own up programs as SAMHSA (2002) attests that programs which engaged participants actively were more effective in reducing substance abuse than other programs that emphasized other content.
Challenges to effective implementation of public health campaigns
Although some respondents thought public health campaigns did not face any challenges because public health campaigns did not exist in the first place, there was (65.7%) agreement that public health campaigns face challenges such as lack of information, student negative attitude, lack of funds, public health campaigns inaccessibility to students and lack of university management support. In consideration of the knotty schemes of drug dealers, it can be observed that these weaknesses only fortify ADA situation since such limitations rule out commensuration of the efforts and ADA maneuvers yet loopholes is among the first steps that any drug abuse prevention program should address (NACADA, 2012).
Findings demonstrated suggestions for public health campaigns to address these challenges by employing good approaches (58.2%), availing funds (20.9%), acceptance of drug abusers (6.4. %), university management support of public health campaigns (5.5%) counseling services (5.5%) and use of peer educators (3.6%).
Drug abuse sustaining factors
Results revealed a correspondent picture of dynamics that sustain drug abuse in all communities with social factor being more resolute. Social factor was seen to be multi- dimensional including but not limited to peer pressure, emulation from family members, social activities such as parties and doing drugs to be able to fit in the clique. Mutiso et al. (2012) in their study of youth between 15-35 years at Bamburi Location, Nigeria, found that influence from friends was the first factor for abusing drugs. Other studies show pads and fashion (Schaefer, 2012), family influence, socialization activities and to fit in the group as major social factors sustaining drug abuse.
Psychological factors play a key role as well in drug use which begins as a means to deal with trauma, anger, depression or boredom. Other factors are personality patterns, learned behaviors, coping abilities and denial of not only drug abuse but also issues which ought to be practically addressed. In this study, denial came out strongly amongst the female drug users. These psychological factors when not dealt with have capacity to sustain drug abuse because they influence cognitive capabilities of students hence behavior. Hall and Queener (2007) reinforce self-medication theory that young people use drugs in order to escape painful feelings and that some individuals are not able to cope with problems till they use drugs. Individual‟s behavioral, emotional and cognitive dispositions such as low self- esteem play an important role in the use of drug abuse or impulsivity as explained in Self-derogatory theory by Kaplan (Volkow et al., 2009; Walston & Roberrts, 2007). Psychological factors with variables like identity crisis, stress, anger, bitterness low self- esteem self-confidence and impulsivity influence behavior and determine to a large extent the individual‟s response to stimuli (Kottlier & Shepard, 2011; Myers, 2010; Natarajan, 2010).
Studies (Best, Rome, Hanning, White, Gossop, Taylor & Perkins, (2010) report that the problem of drug abuse is strongly linked to socio-economic disadvantage which, besides deprivation, there are other routes into drug misuse such as enjoyment, escapism and peer support. This is illustrated by Mutiso et al. (2012) on affordability of drugs as a major factor in youth drug use. This studies findings further corroborate that university students may not afford food but will afford drugs at Ksh 10 which give them preference for dealing with stressful situations and enjoying themselves.
It became evident that social providers‟ efforts were being seriously frustrated by continuous accessibility to drugs from the surrounding trading centers of the communities called in various communities by such names as („KBC‟, „Masingo‟, „Kampi ya moto‟,
„DC‟ ,‟West Mall‟ „KM‟) and identified for favorable drugs of choice for student drug abusers. To counter this frustration, it was suggested that the sources of drugs should be blocked. One student respondent remarked,
„If you approach the problem of drug abuse from the source, then drug abuse will be a problem of the past because students use drugs due to its plentiful availability not because they go looking for them. Drugs are at our doorsteps in our hostels or whatever area of residence for students.‟
From the arguments of these studies therefore, public health campaigns ought to get deep into students‟ psychosocial experiences at the university to enable them formulate programs which are commensurate to the challenges students go through. Resistance skills which were missing according to the study findings would help in the mitigation the challenges of drug availability.
Results revealed that youth drug culture is a major factor sustaining drug abuse due to students‟ understanding that drug use and youth activities must go together. According to them, all youth activities must have the component of drugs of choice. This trend was unveiled by Gurtavich et al., 2005 in Tsvetkova & Antonova, 2013) in Russian Universities. In this study, enumeration of youth activities included; partying, spending time on Fridays and Weekends, celebrating the end of exams, campaigns during student leaders‟ elections and forming cliques for enterprising activities. Youth drug culture plays a significant role in sustaining drug abuse in the university because of what appears to be a misconception among them about drugs as an entertaining icon.
Respondents mentioned economic and psychological aspects as those that have not been given adequate attention by public health campaigns. Most communities in Nigeria at the moment face challenges of accommodation for students within the university giving them financial difficulties for having to rent hostels outside the university. Effectual situation is lack of food from university catering services which are better in prices and time spent. Economic factors also cause drug abuse due to availability of extra money on the part of students who have a lot of money but cannot effectively plan for constructive use and end up spending the money on drugs.
This insinuates that failure to attend to these factors can contribute to drug abuse sustenance in the university. Liaising amongst social support programs like Mentoring may aid early identification of psychological issues as FGD and GIS suggested.
Conclusion
Demographic Characteristics of respondents
Universities displayed homogeneity in demographic characteristics with more male participants. It was clear that drug abuse variations existed from faculty to faculty with presuppositions that certain factors exacerbate drug abusing habits than others. There was thus an implication that communities ascribe resemblance in their demographic characteristics and drug abuse inclinations. Findings in both this study and literature review point to a high prevalence and incidence rate of drug abuse in Local government areas in Nigeria (Atwoli et al. 2011; Magu et al.2013).
Prevention levels and objectives
Objectives of programs were general and many respondents were not aware of prevention programs resulting in relative tolerance of drug abuse (NIDA, 2003). Consequently, public health campaigns lacked the core bedrock of effectiveness by failing to access information to their users in the right way and the right time. Definitely the role of information in implementation of any activity forms the basis for success of that activity. Clear-cut objectives lacked in most programs hence jeopardized the goals being sought for (Round, Marshall & Horton, 2005). public health campaigns is weak without objectives to direct their operations.
Universal intervention was the chief prevention activity. However, the essence of selective and indicated prevention interventions as echoed out in systems theory (Ludwig Von Bertallanfy, 1968, Bronfenbrenner, 1944, Coreil, 2010 and Galanter & Kleber, 2008) is to place considerable thoughtfulness during planning stages of programs to ensure that specific interventions are established for each category of populations. Predominance of primary prevention level does not suffice to realize prevention effectiveness.
Program implementation
public health campaigns lacked essentials of standards of model programs in which program adaptation matches users‟ needs, community norms, or differing cultural requirements. Core elements of research-based interventions which include: structure (how the program is organized and constructed); content (the information, skills, and strategies of the program); and delivery (how the program is adapted, implemented, and evaluated (Insel, 2004) were lacking in all communities under study.
Coordination, collaboration and networking amongst programs dealing with students‟ needs were weak and should be strengthened as postulated by (Riggs, 2003, Barry, 2003; Epstein & Mc Crady, 2009).
Student responsiveness to prevention programs
There was utility disconnect between the students who are the users of prevention programs and public health campaigns hence it is important for public health campaigns to do more dissemination of information and involve students. Poor participation of students was attributed to lack of resources which should be provided by the university based on recommendations by public health campaigns. Peer counselling program was shown as the principal student body which actively participates in prevention. However, this is not enough.
Challenges facing public health campaigns
Factors responsible for challenges facing public health campaigns were being contributed to by all the stakeholders; students, public health campaigns, and university management. It was evident that these problems were not being addressed yet in many exemplary programs, pronging problems are sorted out as implementation goes on (Coreil, 2010). Practical approach to challenges was lacking in all communities under study hindering effectiveness.
Drug abuse sustaining factors
Most of the activities were about dissemination of information about drugs but skills to help students deal with demanding socio-economic and psychosocial situations were missing. Understanding of factors related to users‟ characteristics particularly, social, cultural, economic and psychological factors is part of steps to enable alignment of public health campaigns activities to meet users‟ expectations and standards. Bandura‟s theory (1986) proposes social modeling, social persuasion, mastery experience and psychological responses as strategies to modify behavior and enhance self-efficacy.
Development of culture is a process which is influenced by several environmental factors Coreil, (2010). Cultivating a youth culture that is drug free is critical in prevention. This however requires formulation of good alternative activities which will engage the youth in a culture of innovation as Frost (2008) in one of his eight components of behavior change puts it that the person has to perceive that performing the behavior is more consistent than inconsistent with his or her own personal norms and standards.
Economic factors dispose with protective and risk factors hence can encourage or discourage drug taking habits. Communities around communities exacerbate these conditions through drug availability and factors related to stressors. Prevention projects targeting the communities around the communities were missing. Effectiveness can be enhanced if such projects are established to address the factors within the process of drug abuse.
Recommendations
- public health campaigns to undertake the following:
- Engage in robust action plans during the initial stages of prevention which include; baseline surveys and research on workable strategies to reflect faculty course characteristics; infusion of activities to all departments and sections of the university.
- Do a proposal for integration of public health campaigns in curriculum especially in university common units and important functions such as Culture Week or during any function involving larger members of university community. Involvement of gender in an equal proportion amongst staff and students both in sample sizes and participation in prevention programs to enable adequate scope and planning.
- Develop a portfolio of all public health campaigns groups within campus and streamlinetheir mandates and terms of references. It is through this that they will be able to foster harmonization and integration of all the three levels of prevention while paying articulate attention to multidimensional factors in all stages in drug addiction continuum.
- Ensure representativeness amongst staff and students equipped with skills ADA to help in achieving efficiency. Make use of available resources to carry out activities that are possible (Conservation of Resource Theory, Hobfoll, 1989). Diversify communication of public health campaigns messages amongst university units of common avenues of communication such as University Newsletter, Radio programs. Electronic messages on waiting bays, group email addresses, culture week to foster greater favorability based on characteristics of the target groups at the university and find out gaps in current communication means with a view to establishing most attractive ones amongst students. Use of recovering addicts from among the student populationto disseminate information during first year orientations and other student forums like culture week which have a large number of
- Createand support an atmosphere conducive for students to initiate their own activities based on their experience with their peers. Peer Counselling Model could be used in drug abuse prevention hence develop comprehensive training for both staff and students to acquire specialization in ADA helping skills.
- This study strongly recommends to University Management to offer necessaryand adequate support to public health campaigns in their communities without which public health campaigns cannot get to the epitome of factors such as Socio-cultural, Psychological and Socio-economic dispositions which sustain drug abuse in the university. Such a support would resolve issues like public health campaigns dormancy due to lack of information provision, negative student attitude and poor implementation strategies. Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) in liaison with university to employ rigorous selection criteria which would ensure that students who are needy access loans to minimize stressors causing drug abuse amongst them.
- This study strongly recommends to the Ministries of Interior Coordination of National Government, Ministryof Education, Ministry of Health and, Ministry of Sports, Culture and Arts to appreciate the huge magnitude of drug abuse in our society today going beyond efforts of a single community like a university and for every stakeholder to streamline their roles, functions and mandates to avoid log jamming execution.
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