Preparation of Local Soap With Woodash Derived From the Calyx and the Corolla of Palm Flower (Ejeasis Guineensis)

Preparation of Local Soap With Woodash Derived From the Calyx and the Corolla of Palm Flower (Ejeasis Guineensis)

CHAPTER ONE

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

Preparation of soap using local raw materials.

OBJECTIVES

1. To prepare local soap with woodash derived from the calyx and the corolla of palm flower (Ejeasis Guineensis), which serves as an alkali.
2. To know the trees in which caustic alkali can be obtained apart from palm tree (Eleasis Guineensis).
3. To improve the properly preparation of local soap and high quality local soap.
4. To educate some illiterate local soap producers on how to set a standard in the production of local soap and still retain its effectiveness and for a wider acceptability.
5. To create awareness on the need and importance of locally made soap analysis.
6. To make known to or enlighten especially the local soap producers (both urban and rural manufacturers) on the best and exact quantity or raw materials and methods to use to achieve better results in their products.
7. This research project could as well as form basis for further research work on local soaps analysis in this institution.

CHAPTER   TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

According to Roman legend, soap was discovered by washer woman following a heavy of previous animal sacrifices wood ash and animal fat at the base of the alter those of the substance required to make a soap accidentally, come together water, fat and oil and alkali (potassium carbonate) and potassium hydroxide called potash (leach from the wood ash) the soap mixture flow down the mountain and Tibra River where the washer woman quickly realized it tale.  We are still using this old Roman Recipe to make soap from water a stirring base and neutral fat and oil obtained from animal of plant (Kirt, 1997).

Soap is the earliest detergent known by man and apparently the first made by the roman from the animal fat and wood ash (which contain the alkali potassium carbonates) about 2500 years ago in Coloma American.  Until the early 1940’s most soap were manufactured by alkaline hydrolysis reaction called sapofocation (Robort, 1994).

SOURCES OF WOOD ASH FOR LOCAL MANUFACTURE

This research work is essentially on the feasibility study of obtaining pure crystals of caustic alkali from flouring plant of (Elesisaguinesia) “nkwu” (Daniella Olirer) Agba, pankia elappert omana (Ugba) tissue (Onuorah(1990).

SYNTHETIC METHOD FOR CAUSTIC SODA

Apart from the wood ash process, which was the earliest method of production of caustic soda, there are currently in use.

SOLUTY PROCESS  (AMMONIA ASH)

This is the decomposition of NH₄ + CO₃ and sodium chloride to give Ammonia chloride NH₄  +  Hco₃   +  NacL              NaHCO₃   +   NH₄cL.  The products are mildly heated, to get rid of Ammonia chloride salt and the temperature subsequently raised to decompose.

NaHCo₃   +   Na₂Co₃  +  Co₃H+₂0 (Kirt O. 1997)

ELETROYTRE PROCESS

This is the electrolysis of sodium chloride.  In this case, the alkali metal reacts with water to give the alkali hydrate, which remains in solution while hydrogen escape at cathode (Davis, 1998).

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CHAPTER  THREE

METHODOLOGY

These include the experiment and laboratory experiment.

SAMPLE COLLECTION

The Raw material to be used for this study will be locally obtained by burning the flowering of palm fruit (Eleasis guinessia) the resulting ash, which is an alkali-collected extraction of caustic alkali properly.

Materials used:

1. Elective oven
2. Lived day bowel
3. Separating funnel
4. Filter paper
5. Stirring glass rod
6. Glass rod
7. Slorer
8. Beaker
9. Measuring cylinder
10. Litmus paper
11. Stainless stir spoon
12. Bunson burner
13. Tropod and restort stand
14. Reagent
15. 15cm of oil
16. Water 2 ½

FIELD EXPERIMENTATION/SAMPLE COLLECTION

The raw materials used for this study were all obtained locally. Dry log of wood were cut down from the trees (elaesia guineens) and burnt. The resulting ashes were collected for extraction of the caustic proper.

CHAPTER  FOUR

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

This chapter authorizes as much as possible the observation and results of the experiments described in the previous chapter and the appendices.

It was found that the volume of the resulting solution was just a little above two third the total volume of water used for the leaching, with the remaining entrenched in the ash against gravitational force.

For easy handlings, the various samples used for the analysis are identified as follows:

(A)    Ash, Casutic from Daniella Oliver as sample A

(B)     Ash caustic from Eleasis guinecusis as sample B.

(c)      Ash, Caustic from Parkva Elappertomana as sample C.

(D)    Combination of A, B and C as sample D.

(E)     Causticized sample D as E.

From the analysis, it was found that the PH and the caustic strength of the solution and the amount of residual obtained on evaporation of the sample C  < B > D > A.

CHAPTER  FIVE

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

This chapter will discuss the significances and relevance of the result obtained in chapter four in relations to the goal of this study.

ASHING OF THE WOOD

In the combustion of the woody met metenals the resulting chemical reaction vis-a-vise.  The resulting of the qualitative analysis must be conversion of organ meterals to inorgane types.  The over all reaction may be summarized as follows:

Meterals                          Oxygen                          Ash

Organic (kjNa)      +       excassan                         (kj₂Na

(Compound)  (Co₂)So4² (Oxides and others).

The alkali metals not able Na and K and the alkaline earth metal like Ca are Concated to their oxides at high temperature and excess air (oxygen).

For sodium and potassium, the reaction occur respectively as shown below:

2Na + O₂         Na₂O₂                     –     (1)

2K  +  O₂            K O₂   –    (2)

These reaction accounts for the pressure of oxides as stated in the summary reaction equation for combustion.

EXTRACTION OF CAUSTIC FROM ASH

The procedure employed in the study for the extraction of caustic from ash yielded satisfactory result.

The apparatus used afforded the chances for the control of the filtration.  As a result, the purity of the solution obtained was even beyond what was expected.

The various solutions were as clear as water and with comparably high PH – values.  The result of the influences of digestion of time on the PH showed that, the longer the ash remained in water, the higher the PH.

DETERMINATION OF PH AND STRENGTH OF THE CAUSTIC STRENGTH

The PH and caustic strength were found to vary from sample to sample, although, the same quantity of the ash and water was used.  These were found to vary with the amount of resultant filtrate obtained.

Example for sample C, where the volume recovered was the highest. The PH and the caustic strength were correspondingly high.

On the other, sample a had the least yield, the same being true of the PH and strength the species that contributed to the above properties were the soluble components of the ash which are likely greater for sample C and B and less for A.  It could therefore be reached that much of those soluble speres have been dissolved and washed at and the more the effective washing the more the Ph, the amount of high collected would be go valued by the size of the compactness of the packing of the ash particles and therefore the voids of the filter cale the solved residue obtained were found to be very dilogusesent.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Qualitative test carried out for amons gave positive result with So₂²-, Co₃²– and CL detected.

Although, no particular test was carried out for inorganic olt due to unavailability of the means for the test, however, the oxodes formed in reaction (d and (2) of section 5.1 undergo the following reaction in presence of water.

M₂O₂ + H₂O      MOH + H₂O₂

MO₂ + H₂OMOH + H₂O₂  +  O₂   (M   =   NaorK).

H₂O₂  is unstable and undergo the following decomposition reactions:

H₂O₂   +   light       2H₂O   +   O₂

By the above reaction, olt will be present in the simpler.

CONCLUSION

During the extraction of ash sample, it was discovered that a strong base like sodium hydioxide, which boost its efficiency was the vital ingredient.

Recall, from introduction, where we mention types of soaps, that local are meant for cleansing ability.  This is because the soap could neither foam nor have a cleansing property without it.  The PH and caustic strength were found to vary from sample to sample, although the same quality of the ash and water were used.

These were found to vary with amount of resultant filtrate obtained.  For example, for sample d where the volume recovered was the highest the PH and the caustic strength were correspondingly high.  In the other hand sample A had the least yield, the same being true of the Ph and strength.

It could therefore be reached that much of these soluble spheres have been dissolved and washed out and the more the effective washing, the more the PH, the amount of liquid collected would be governed by the size of the compactness of the packing of the ash particles and therefore the void of the filter cakes the solved residue obtained were found to be vary dialogue seen.  The result of the influence of the elogestion on the PH showed that the conger the ash remained in water, the higher the PH.

RECOMMENDATION

From the study, the researchers observed that consumers were not satisfied with the present standard of service rendered by local soap.  It was discovered that local soap was not market worthy and as such does not integrate marketing.  Philosophy ion their daily performance, in order to satisfy consumers, locally made soaps must be consumer oriented.  However there is need for the producers to improve on the service it gives to customers.  In this case, the writers wishes to make the following recommendations based on this study, which if carried out will help in improving or impacting the role expected of local soap problem and prospect of marketing local soap services.

1. To make board decision more effectively and intelligent.
2. To educate some illiterate local soap producers on how to set a standard in the production of local soap and still retain its effectiveness and for a wider acceptability.
3. To create awareness on the need and importance of locally made soap analysis.
4. To make known to or enlighten especially the local soap producers (both urban and rural manufacturers) on the best and exact quality or raw materials and methods to use to achieve better results in their products.
5. Locally made soap should incorporate the philosophy of marketing concept in its daily activities before it could meet consumers’ aspiration. If possible should have a marketing department in its branches to take care of all marketing activities in the organization.

SUMMARY

The researchers observed that raw materials could be used in making local soap.  And they cause irritation, scratches and itchy when not prepared appropriately, but does not cause irritation, scratchy and itchy when properly prepared as stated earlier on the statements of results.  So for any form of industries or individual that wishes to produce local soap of market worthy, and good standard should adhere most on the formula provided in this research work.  And learn to make the soap market oriented or consumer oriented.

REFERENCES

• Davis Y. W. (198): Advanced Level Practical Chemistry.  Second Edition, John Murry Publishers; London p. 331 – 333.
• Hov (1995): Manufacture of soda.  Reinhold Publishing Co. New York, 42 – 44.
• Ikeobi, Thompson Alonge (1996): New Certificate Chemistry. 251 – 253.
• Kirt Othmer (1994):  Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.  McGrew Hill Inc. USA, p. 443 – 445.
• Lanan, M. G. (1990):  Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Operation. Prentice Hall Inc. Eagle Wood Diff. New York; p. 241 – 251.
• Loprof, G. F. (1992): Modern Inorganic Chemistry.  Second Edition.  The English Language Book Society, and Mode and Book Ltd.  P. 178 – 179.
• Oguebie, Charity (1998): Unpublished Project Determination of Optimum Comparative for Maximum Extraction of Alkali. 11, 17, 23 – 43.
• Onuorah, Anthony (1990): Unplished Project on Feasibility of Obtaining Pure Cerystals of Caustic.  Potash from Extract of Dried Flower of Palm Fruit.

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