Response of Broiler Birds to Diets Containing Graded Levels of Rice Milling Waste and Supplementary Yeast
Chapter One
OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The objective of this study was to determine the response of broiler birds to diets containing graded levels of rice milling waste (RMW) and supplementary yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae).
The specific objectives of the study were:
- to determine the most appropriate level of inclusion of bioactive yeast in broiler diet.
- To determine the cost implication of using bioactive yeast supplementation in RMW based broiler diet
- To determine the effect of RMW and supplementary bioactive yeast on carcass and organ characteristics of broiler birds
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nutrient requirement of broilers
Broilers like every other animal require in their diet adequate levels of energy, protein (amino acids), vitamins, minerals and water for rapid growth and body development, high metabolic activity, maintenance and improved productivity as in meat production for the table.
Banger et al., (2003) noted that generally in poultry feed formulation, protein to energy inclusion ratio is 1:140. It is also noted that broilers need high energy diets as they are expected to reach about 2kg in weight under 10 weeks of age at about feed conversion ratio of 2g while consuming only about 4kg of feed to achieve what are by standard remarkable weight gain.
Broilers like every other animal require in their diet adequate levels of energy, proteins (amino acids), water, vitamins and minerals for rapid growth and development, high metabolic activity, maintenance and improved productivity energy and protein from the bulk of the feed. Water is usually given to aid digestion and other metabolic processes. Broilers require energy for the maintenance of all normal functions as well as productivity. Energy sources in poultry diet include grains mainly maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, cassava, brewers dry grain. Palm kernel cake can also serve as energy source depending on the level of oil extraction it has undergone.
Broilers do not adjust their energy intake as the energy concentration of the diet increases. This results in deposition of large amount of fat in their carcasses (Oluyemi and Robert, 2000). Broiler feed is made up of dry matter and water. The dry matter contains proteins, vitamins , fats and oils (lipids), minerals and carbohydrates (energy).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Location and duration of study
The experiment was carried out at the Research Unit of the department of Animal Science Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. It lasted for a period of ten weeks (21st February to 1st May, 2012).
Experimental Birds
A total of 80 day old broiler chicks from Fidan Hatchery Nigeria Ltd., Ibadan were used for the experiment to determine nutritional value of incorporating rice milling waste (RMW) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) in the diets of broiler birds. The RMW was purchased from CHIFAM AGRO NIG. ENTERPRISE NSUKKA. Other ingredients such as wheat offals, palm kernel cake, soyabean cake, maize, common salt, limestone, bone meal, premix, lysine and methionine were purchased from KINGSIZE FEEDMILL INDUSTRY NIG. LTD, NSUKKA where the ingredients where ground and mixed to produce the experimental feed used for the research.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1
The proximate composition of the rice milling waste used in formulating the experimental diets is presented in Table 4.1, while Table 4.2 shows the proximate composition of the broiler starter diets used to feed the experimental birds.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF RICE MILLING WASTE AND SUPPLEMENTARY YEAST ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BIRDS
Results obtained during the experiment (Tables 4.3 and 4.7) showed that rice milling waste (RMW) and bioactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) promotes growth and performance in poultry which agree with the findings of (Onifade, 1997; Onifadeet al., 1999; Adejumoet al., 2005)
As shown in Tables 4.3 and 4.7, feed intake increased with increase in RMW and Saccharomycescerevisae(SC) levels. The increase in feed intake could be as a result of the fibrous and bulky nature of RMW based diets. Pond and Manner (1974) earlier reported that feed consumption and the quantity of feed required per kg of gain in pigs increased with increase in the dietary fiber. They attributed such increase to the bulky nature and low digestible nutrient of the feed. Moran (1997) and Isikwenuet al. (2000) had also attributed high feed intake to high dietary fiber level. There is therefore a strong indication that feeding value of RMW can be enhanced by supplementing RMW diets with bioactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae).
COST IMPLICATION OF FEEDING DIETARY RICE MILLING
WASTE AND SUPPLEMENTARY YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisae) TO BROILER BIRDS
As shown in Tables 4.4 and 4.8, the costs of daily feed intake as well as feed cost per kg weight gain increased with increasing RMW levels. The observed increase may have resulted from the increase in ADFI, poor efficiency of feed conversion and utilization, and poor growth rate of birds that consumed diets
containing high levels of RMW. The present study completely disagree with earlier reports ( Ajaja et al., 2003; Abou EL-Naga, 2012) that was reduction in feed cost per kg weight gain of chicks fed enzyme-supplemented diets. Moreover, the significant increase in the costs of daily feed intake as well as cost per kg gain may negate the positive effect of SC on growth performance of the broiler birds.
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF RICE MILLING WASTE AND SUPPLEMENTARY YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisae) ON THE
HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BROILER BIRDS
Although haematological values such as haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cellular volume (MCV) and mean cellular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments, the RBC and WBC were highest at 20% of RMW inclusion level (Tables 4.5 and 4.9). However, Jean (1993) had shown that erythrocytes (RBC) and leucocytes (WBC) of animals in good health varies between species and individuals in the same species according to its condition and health are influenced by many factors including diets (Talebi et al., 2005). However, SCsupplementation of the diets significantly enhanced the PCV, RBC AND WBC of the treated birds. As a matter of fact, the haematological values obtained in the present study are within normal range (Merk Veterinary Manual, 1979).
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF RICE MILLING WASTE AND
SUPPLEMENTARY YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisae) ON THE CARCASS
PARAMETERS OF BROILER BIRDS
As shown in Table 4.10, carcass and organ parameters such as heart, kidney, liver and gizzard were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments, the liveweight, eviscerated weight and dressing percentage were increased at the 20% of RMW inclusion level. This result is however at variance with the findings of (Talebi, et al., 2005) who reported significant increase in organs of broilers when their diets were supplemented with SCyeast. This could be as a result of the differences in breed of birds used.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This experiment showed that rice milling waste can be added up to 20% inclusion level with yeast supplementation in broiler diets without any adverse effect on growth performance of the birds. In this study, rice milling waste was considered as an alternative feed ingredient to maize which is a conventional feed ingredient.
Although, it is impossible for rice milling waste to replace maize completely in poultry nutrition but in a situation where the conventional feed ingredients (maize) is available but no instead of the farmer to close down his farm waiting for maize to be available and affordable, rice milling waste when supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) could fit in as an alternative feed ingredient to maize as shown in this study. Even though rice milling waste can be used to replace maize in poultry nutrition in situations as stated above, cost implications of feeding dietary rice milling waste and yeast supplementation to chicks must be properly considered. This is because the cost of incorporating yeast into poultry nutrition impose additional cost constraint to farmers.
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