Strength Development in Concrete Using Different Type of Cement
Chapter One
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The major objective of this investigation is to ascertain factors that likely lead to the failure of Eliozu-New Airport road in Obio/Akpor L.G.A. of River State in particular and Nigeria Highways in general and how it affect national stability and development. This project work stand at a point to unveil the very facts behind why most of the roads fail soon after construction.
The count carryout will broadly provide information on the actual traffic volume and the capacity of traffic and will help in used for possible traffic planning and design.
It shall lead in proper construction of highway and remedy that will possible give a lasting solution and reduction in road failures. The several test such as test on asphalt, test on soil will provided better facts to the cause of the failure of the case study.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
GENERAL
The rapid rate of highway failure is of very much concern to every users of road today, as most of the accidents on our highways are as a result of road pavement/highway failure.
The frequency with which road fails has been of concerned and of worries to our commuters and the various level of government. Relative to this aspect, a lot of write-ups and workshops in terms of seminars have been presented with a view to investigating the causes and remedies to highways failure but to no avail.
Traces of early roads have been found which antedate recorded history. The first hard surfaces appeared in Mesopotamia soon after discovery of the wheel about 3500BC on the Island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea as reported by Rickette (2004). According to history recorded in the bible, giving account of relative event, during 539 BC between Babylon and Egypt.
Jimoh and Akinyemi (1995) in the book stated that the quoted life span of a pavement presupposes a well-articulated maintenance in Nigeria is still seriously lacking due to the following reason among others:
– Lacking enough fund and personnel and excessive axle loads. They observed that one of the most serious roads at across for the installation of service facilities, which is left not repaired there after. Also maintenance culture the said is a very big problem is highway constructions.
Cedegrem (1974) stated clearly that little basic progress was made during the 20th centuries after the road building of the Roman empire until tresaguet Metcalf and macadam in the first half of the nine tenth century introduced important improvements in the then prevailing road building method. He observed that one of the most serious road maintenance problems in urban areas of Nigeria relates to roads at across for the installation of service facilities which are left unreparied thereafter and causing a tremendous effect to the road that has been constructed.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTATION
FIELD COLLECTION OF A SOIL SAMPLE
APPARATUS:
- 76mm hand Auger
- Rod Extension for Auger
- About 12 moisture can
- Indication tape to locate boring distance
PROCEDURE:
The sample was collected from 500m interval location points and the Auger used was ensuring to be in good condition for boring process. When the Auger get full on screwing, the auger is lifted from the hole and shuffle off the sand collected, the soil is collected at 1m and 2m depth on collecting the soil, it was protected for lost of moisture by putting it in a polythene bag and secure to the laboratory.
PRECAUTION:
I ensure that the soil samples were enclosed with cellophane to avoid moisture loss by evaporation from sample site to the laboratory.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
FIELD COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
Base on the essence of this project work, series practical and examination of the existing environment were carryout on the stretch of the road section of Eliozu – New airport Obio/Akpor L.G.A. to aid this investigation come up with a concrete and concise facts behind the cause of the sudden failure of the road.
From the test carryout and the environmental inspection studies done so far, the following summary and conclusion is drawn relative to the failure of the New constructed road.
SUMMARY
From the summary of Atterbery limit, size distribution analysis summary and consequent soil classification of result of sample of soils collected from table 4.7.2 A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D and E has soil group of A-2-6, A -2-6, A-3, A-2-6, A-2-6, A-2-6 and A-2-6 respectively which are all excellent to good and load bearing material but require little soil improvement before road construction due to the present of clay fine in some area, it was also found out that the soil conditions and characteristic and similar with very little variation relative to it engineering properties.
- With their group index at the appropriate range indicate the soil good properties as highway sub grade and fill material with minimal improvement.
- The plastic nature of the soil, reduces it resistance to shear stress and deformation, thus causing deformation and consequent disintegration of the road section.
- From appendix K-1, the combination of CBR of 4% and axle loads of 32.2×106, give the sub-base thick of 340mm and base course + wearing course of 100mm.
- By design consideration the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content of the respective soil sample of sectional road is as shown in table 4.& 2 ranging between 1967 – 2077 and 13.5 – 16.4 respectively.
- The ground water study was discover to the adverse of capillarity to be 73.4cm below ground surface from test hole inspection. See table 4.8.1 and appendix.
- The adverse traffic volume in design year, said 20 years was collect to be 12,998, 585 vehicles and 12,713,859 in each of the opposing direction see article 4.9.
- The compacted bitumen mixtures has back specific, gravity of 1.74.
- From the extraction- gradation test, the total percentage bitumen is discover to be 4.8%
- The rainfall data collected indicate the mean monthly rainfall penetration of adverse 545.4mm in the said interval of years (see appendix K-1)
CONCLUSION
Conclusion and criticism relative to the construction work done at the said road is as follows.
- The sub-grade material use for the construction of this road has content of clay fine, with characteristic volume changed, need to be improved before construction is carryout.
- The pavement thickness provide, from investigation, using traffic design criteria and CBR, wearing course and base course require minimally is 100mm (394 inches) against the 99.3mm (3.91 inches) PROVIDED and sub-base of 29916mm) (11.8 inches) instead of 340mm (13.39mm) as the design indicate.
- Poor compaction work done during construction work of the sand road fail to reduce the percentage of void to acceptable standard in the compacted material, causing penetration of moisture with consequent deformation of the road constructed a good compaction is one, when nail is hammer on it, it hard to penetrate.
- Poor traffic estimation, on the order hand has it own effect on the construction and the economy, as case an be seen, with congestion on the road and consequent provision of over head bridge as the width of the lane and shoulder post some problem at some section of the road.
- By Lederges (1979) state that drain should be provide when annual rainfall accessed 203.3mm for proper collection of the runoff, but there was not drainage provision for this, purpose, even with 545.5mm rainfall instead culvert such as single and multiply cell culvert provide to channel the water, but was on adequate for an area of this situation contribute to pavement deterioration.
- The extraction test carryout help to determine the percentage of bitumen content which is 4.8%, see appendix K-1 giving poor stability by the insufficient bitumen. The mat well lack binding or cementing properties require to hold the aggregate in place causing revelling. The crack and shear is due to poor bitumen.
- What was the method of mixing and placing and the temperature employed, quality of aggregate used, types of bituminous product used are also factor that contribute to the deteriorable state of the said road.
- Various depression on the road section can be seen after rain fall with water as a result of sub-grade settlement result from inadequate compaction during construction.
RECOMMENDATION
Considering the rate of highway failure and consequent maintenance cost, it is of importance to ensure good road network to enhance the economic and technological development of the country after a thorough investigation an fining, the following recommendation are made relative to Eliozu-New airport road particular and highways in Nigeria in general.
* From the investigation carryout, the road wearing course an sub-base should be scrapped off and a proper laying mixing and laying of the base carryout.
* The road pavement should be raised to at least the height of 1m above its present height as to control the action of flooding and capillary rise of water.
* The store base used as foundation should have larger surface area as to bridge the rate of capillary rise of ground water.
* Sub-surface drainage should be provide in some critical high water table to maintained the ground water at level of 1.2m (3.94ft) below the carriage way.
* The compacted sub-grade must not be within the zone through which the capillary (suction) moisture is capable of rising as it is clay (fine grained) soil, it et of important which can be done by installation of longitudinal drain in either side of the carriage ways.
* There should be thorough stabilization of the soil as to improve its engineering property. Soil cement stabilization or bituminous stabilisation may be applicable after all necessary test as to up-grade the shear strength of the soil and its engineering properties.
* There is need for adequate. Supper vision should be carried out by the federal ministry of works and relative agency during road constructions as to ascertain that works are done to standard and specification by contractors.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Bindra, S.P (1982) Highway Engineering 2nd ed. Rorkee Publishing House, Debhi
- Capper, P.L and Cassie, W.F (1956) The mechanics of Engineering Soils 2nd ed. Spon Publish, London.
- Cedergren, H.R (1979) Drainage of Highway and Air field
- pavement. John Wiley and sons, New York.
- Chandola, S.P. (2001) A Textbook on Transportation Engineering. S. Chaind Ltd Delhi.
- Chichega, J.F & Parker, N.A. (1998) Essentials of highway Engineering. Macmillan Publisher, Nairobi.
- Emesiobi, C.F. (2000) Testing and Quality Control of Materials in Civil and Highway Engineering. The blue print Ltd. PortHarcourt.