The Efficiency of Social Safety Nets Towards Bridging Inequality in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ijumu L. G. A of Kogi State) 1992 to 2020
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the effect of inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state
- To ascertain the efficiency of social safety nets toward bridging inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state
- To ascertain whether social safety net help reduce inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state
CHAPTER TWO ย
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Understanding the theory of gender inequality
The ย concept ย of ย inequality ย means ย so ย many ย things ย to ย different ย people ย and ย it ย cuts ย across ย several disciplines that include economics, sociology and political science and even within economics it cuts across different philosophies and ideologies. Schultz (1951) used the concept of income and defined ย inequality ย statistically ย as ย the deviation ย from ย the ย diagonal ย line ย in ย a ย graph ย of ย cumulative proportions ย of ย the ย population ย against ย the ย cumulative ย proportion ย of ย incomes ย of ย the ย population. The ย more ย the ย curvatures ย from ย the ย diagonal ย line ย of ย equality ย the ย greater ย the ย inequality. ย Fields (2007) considered the concept of income inequality as an amorphous idea and perceives it in the relative sense as that which deals with income ratios rather than income differences. He argued that ย income ย inequality ย measure ย and ย inequality ย is ย not ย the ย same ย thing ย and ย therefore ย standard inequality ย measures ย like ย Lorenz ย and ย Gini ย coefficient ย should ย not ย be ย at ย the ย Centre ย of ย income distribution analysis or policy but rather the concern should be the ratio of high incomes to low incomes. Amartye Sen ย ask the fundamental question, inequality of what? This presupposes that that ย there ย are ย several ย dimensions ย of ย inequality other ย than income. ย While ย economists ย are concerned ย specifically ย with ย the ย monetarily-measurable ย dimension ย related ย to ย individual ย or household ย income ย and consumption(Heshmati,2004), ย other ย dimensions such ย as education, opportunities, happiness, health, life expectancy and assets are considered in a multi-dimensional sense. Inequality ย analysis ย can ย be ย horizontal ย in ย which ย case ย inequality ย between ย homogenous groups ย with ย common ย identity ย is ย considered ย while ย vertical ย inequality ย considers ย inequality
between ย individuals ย or ย households ย in ย a ย population. (See Langeret ย al.(2007). This ย study considers the socio-economic gaps between individuals or households specifically between men and women in a population. Theoretically ย differences ย in ย the ย level ย of ย income, ย education, ย wealth, health, skill, ย infrastructure and opportunity ย within and between populations follows two schools of thought as classified in Sahota ย (1978). The ย first ย is ย a ย buildup ย of ย theories ย that ย posit ย that ย people ย are ย the ย architect ย of ย their own ย fortunes ย and ย societies ย can define ย the ย relative ย position ย of their ย members.Examples ย are individual choice, human capital, inheritance, public income distribution and distributive justice.The ย second ย school ย of ย thought ย posits ย that ย inequalities ย are ย largely ย preordained. ย Examples ย are ability ย theory, ย stochastic ย theory ย and ย life-cycle ย income ย hypothesis.Thisarticle ย assumes an intermesh ย of schoolsof ย thought ย and views endowments, public ย policies ย and institutions as playing ย important ย role ย in ย determining differences ย in ย the ย relative ย position ย between ย men ย and women in terms of employment, income, wages, education, health and infrastructure. The ย difference ย in ย productivity and ย resources between ย individuals ย is ย well ย acknowledged ย by traditional neoclassical as a key contributor to the evolution of income inequality. Until recently equalizing ย policies ย pursued ย rapid ย growth with ย the ย notion ย of ย a ย trickling ย down ย effect ย that ย brings about ย convergence ย in ย incomeover ย time. Within ย this ย context, Kuznets ย (1955) suggestsa rise ย in inequality at the early stage of development and a drop later on with a rise in economic growth.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to The efficiency of social safety nets towards bridging inequality in Nigeria (a case study of ijumu l. G. A of kogi state) 1992 to 2020
Sources of data collection
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Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on the efficiency of social safety nets towards bridging inequality in Nigeria (a case study of ijumu l. G. A of kogi state) 1992 to 2020. 200 residents in ijumu l. G. A of kogi stateย ย was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
ย Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. ย This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
ย Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain The efficiency of social safety nets towards bridging inequality in Nigeria. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of social safety nets towards bridging inequality in Nigeria
Summary
This study was on The efficiency of social safety nets towards bridging inequality in Nigeria (a case study of ijumu l. G. A of kogi state) 1992 to 2020. Three objectives were raised which included:ย To ascertain the effect of inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state, to ascertain the efficiency of social safety nets toward bridging inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state and to ascertain whether social safety net help reduce inequality in ijumu l. G. A of kogi state. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 residents of ijumu l. G. A of kogi state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made students, youths, married women and civil sevantsr were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
Gender ย differences ย in ย all ย socio ย economic ย attributes ย of ย income, ย wages, ย skill, health, ย wealth ย and poverty ย widened ย in ย developing ย countries ย because ย women ย cannot ย have ย access ย and ย control ย over resources, ย benefit ย from ย economic ย opportunities, ย and ย influence ย their ย power ย in ย political ย arena. Theoretically it has direct effects on growth via selection distortion-type effects in education and labour ย markets, ย and ย creates ย growth-inhibiting ย incentives ย in ย investments ย in ย human ย and ย physical capital. Secondly ย the indirect ย effects ย on ย growth ย happen ย via ย the ย growth ย externalities ย of ย fertility, investments ย in children. Low ย female ย human ย capital ย (relative ย to ย male ย levels) ย may ย lead ย to ย slow growth of incomes and of well-being, and, conversely, the pattern of economic growth may not benefit ย different ย genders ย fairly
Recommendation
Should strategy ย is ย to ย provide ย ways ย for ย women ย to ย access ย more ย equal ย resources ย and participation. The strategy is to put serious measures in favor of women to command over resources and political voice.
References
- Aighbokan, ย ย (2000)Determinants ย ย of ย ย Regional ย ย Poverty ย ย in ย ย Nigeria. Research ย ย Report ย ย 22Development Policy Centre, Ibadan Nigeria.
- Ajani, O. ย I. Y. 2008. Gender dimensions of agriculture, poverty, nutrition, and food security in Nigeria. IFPRI ย ย Nigeria ย ย Strategy ย ย Support ย ย Program ย ย Brief ย ย 5. ย ย Washington, ย ย D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Akder H. (1994) “A means to Closing Gaps: Disaggregated Human Development Index”,Human Development Report Office, Occasional Papers 18, New York, 1994.
- Aminu, A. (2010) Determinants of Participation and Earnings in Wage Employment Nigeria 5th IZA/World Bank Conference: Employment and Development Cape Town, South Africa May 03-May4, 2010
- Awoyemi, (2004).Gender Inequalities and economic growth: New evidence from cassava-based farm holdings in rural south-western Nigeria Department of Agricultural EconomicsUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
