Use of Ceramic Tile as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete
CHAPTER ONE
PREAMBLE TO THE STUDY
LIGHTย WEIGHTย CONCRETE
One of the disadvantages of concrete is its high self weight. Density of normal concrete will be in the range of order of 2200 to 2600 kg/m3. This heavy self weight will make the concrete to some extent as an uneconomical structural material.ย Attempts have been done in the past to reduce the self weight of concrete to increaseย its efficiency of concrete as a structural material. The light weight concrete density varies from 300 to 1850 kg/m3ย by the use of various ingredients.
Basically, there is only one method for making lightweight concrete, by inclusion of air in concrete. This is achieved in actual practice by three different ways.
- By replacing the usual mineral aggregate by cellular porous or lightweight
- Introducing the gas or air bubbles in mortar, known as aerated
- Omitting the sand from the aggregates, called as No-fines
Lightweight concrete has become more popular in recent years and have more advantages over the conventional concrete.
CHAPTERย TWO
LITERATUREย REVIEW
ย Introduction
Being the major component of structure, many researches have been done on concrete to improve its properties in every possible manner to develop a sustainable concrete mass. The concrete can be strengthened only by the replacement of its ingredients by better ones. Not only replacing by some material but using an waste material makes the environment friendly at the same time more suitable toย construction.ย Inย this aspect lotย of researches have beenย done onย usingย theย tileย aggregate in concrete which is a waste material directly from industry or indirectly from demolition of a structure. The present study is focused only on the literature related to usage of tile aggregate in concrete as a replacement to coarse aggregate.ย The details of literature review are given below.
Literature Review:
Aruna D (2015)[1]: For tile waste based concrete, coarse aggregates were replaced by 20mm down size, tile wastes by 0% , 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and also the cement is partially replaced by fly-ash. The average maximum compressive strength of roof tile aggregate concrete is obtained at a replacement of 25%. A reductionย ofย 10-15%ย ofย strengthย isย observedย comparedย toย conventionalย concreteย atย 25% of roof tile aggregate replacement. The workability of roof tile waste concrete is in the range of medium. Overall, the replacement of tiles in concrete is satisfactory for small constructions.
Batriti Monhun R. Marwein (2016)[2]: The ceramic waste adopted is broken tiles. Ceramic waste concrete (CWC)made with these tiles at 0%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. M20 grade concrete is adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.48 is maintained for all the concrete mixes. The characteristics properties of concrete suchย asย workabilityย forย freshย concrete, alsoย Compressive Strength,ย Splitย Tensileย Strengthย are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. The paper suggests that the replacement of waste tile aggregate should beย in the range of 5-30% and alsoย it is suitableย toย ordinaryย mixes like M15 and M20.
TOPรUAND M. CANBAZ (2010)[3]: The amount of tile waste generation is enough to use in concrete as a replacement to coarse aggregate. The use of ceramic tile waste has a positive effect on environment and in the cost aspects too. By the useof tile aggregate, the self weight of concrete is reduced about 4% which makes the structureย economical.ย Comingย toย theย strength aspect,ย the tileย aggregateย replacementย has aย negativeย effectย onย bothย theย compressive andย splitย tensileย strengthย ofย concrete.ย Butย this paper studied maximum replacements of tile waste which can be further divided into smaller percentages and can be utilized in concrete with desirable properties.
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Julia Garcรญa-Gonzรกlez, Desirรฉe Rodrรญguez-Robles, Andrรฉs Juan-Valdรฉs, Julia Ma Morรกn-del Pozo and M. Ignacio Guerra-Romero (2014)[4]: The study concentrates on the ceramic waste from industries in Spain. The concrete design isย done as per the Spanish concrete code and the recycled ceramic aggregates met all the technical requirementsย imposed by current Spanish legislation. The ceramic aggregates are replaced up to 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. Appropriate tests were conducted to compare the mechanical properties with conventional concrete. The ceramic ware aggregate concrete was exhibited a feasible concrete properties as likeย the normal gravel concrete.
CHAPTERย THREE
MATERIALSย ANDย PROPERTIES
MATERIALSย USED
In this investigation, the following materials were used
- Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade cement conforming to IS: 169-1989
- Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate conforming toIS: 2386-
CEMENT:
Ordinary Portland cementย is the most common type ofย cementย in general use around the world as a basic ingredient ofย concrete,ย mortar, stucco, and most non- specialtyย grout.ย Itย developedย from otherย typesย ofย hydraulicย lime inย England in midย 19th century and usually originates fromย limestone. It is a fineย powderย produced by heating materials to form clinker. After grinding the clinker we will add small amounts of remaining ingredients. Many types of cements are available in market.ย When it comes toย different grades of cement, the 53 Grade OPC Cement provides consistently higher strength compared to others. As per the Bureau of Nigerian Standards (BIS), the grade number of a cement highlights the minimum compressive strength that the cement is expected to attain within 28 days. For 53 Grade OPC Cement, the minimum compressive strength achieved by the cement at the end of the 28th day shouldnโt be less than 53MPa or 530 kg/cm2. The color of OPC is grey color and by eliminating ferrous oxide during manufacturing process of cement we will get white cement also.
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade of brand name Ultra Tech Company, available in the local market was used for the investigation. Care has been taken to see thatย theย procurement was madeย fromย singleย batchingย inย airย tight containers toย preventย it from being effected by atmospheric conditions. The cement thus procured was tested for physical requirements in accordance with IS: 169-1989 and for chemical requirement in accordance IS: 4032-1988. The physical properties of the cement are listed in Table โ 1
CHAPTER FOUR
MIXย DESIGN
MIXDESIGNย FORย M25ย GRADEย CONCRETE:
Characteristic compressive strength required in theย field at 28 days:ย 20ย Mpa
- The mean strength , f1ck= fck + ks =25 + (1.65×4) = 31.6 Mpa
- For OPC, adopting awater-cement ratio of 44
- Form table 2 of IS: 10262-2009, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregates is 186 liters.
Adopting a water content of 170 liters
- Water-cement ratio=0.44 Cement Content, C= 170ย =380ย kg/m3 0.44
From IS: 456-2000, the minimum cement content is 300 kg/m3for severe exposure.
Hence O.K.
- From table 3 of IS:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone III) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 =0.64 %
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.44. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content.ย Thus,ย correctedย proportionย of volumeย ofย coarse aggregateย forย the water-cement ratio of 0.44 = 0.652.
- EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
EXPERIMENTALย DETAILS
This chapter deals with the various mix proportions adopted in carrying out the experimentsย andย experimentalย resultsย obtainedย withย respectย toย theirย workability,ย compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and durability test.
GENERAL:
Different types ofย mixes were preparedย by changingย the percentageย of replacement of coarse and fine aggregates with crushed tiles, crushed tile powder and granite powder. Total 14 types of mixes are prepared along with conventional mixes. The coarse aggregates are replaced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of crushed tiles and the fine aggregate is replaced byย 10%ย ofย bothย crushedย tileย powderย andย graniteย powderย individuallyย butย alongย withย theย coarse aggregate. The details of mix designations are as follows:
CHAPTERย FIVE
SUMMARYย ANDย CONCLUSION
Introduction
The basic objective of the study is to prepare a concrete much more stable and durable than the conventional by replacing aggregates both coarse and fine. Mix designs for all the replacements of materials has done and a total ofย 90 specimens (42 cubes, 42 cylinders, 6 beams) are prepared and tested in the aspect of strength calculation and also comparisons has done.
Conclusions:
The following conclusions are made based on the experimental investigations on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength considering theโenvironmental aspects also:
- The workability of concrete increases with the increase in tile aggregate replacement. The workability is further increased with the addition of granite powder which acts as admixture due to its chemical properties.
- The properties of concrete increased linearly with the increase in ceramic aggregate up to 30% replacement later it is decreased linearly.
- M3 mix of concrete produced a better concrete in terms of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength than the other mixes. Butthe mixes up to 50% of ceramic coarse aggregate can be used.
- The usage of ceramic fine aggregate has some effect on the properties of concrete in decrement manner.
- Granite powder using as fine aggregate has more influence on the concretethanย the ceramic fine because of chemicalย compositionย it is made of andย works as admixture.
- The addition of granite powder along with the ceramic coarse aggregate improves the mechanical properties of concrete slightly since mineral and chemical properties are of granite.
- The split tensile strength of ceramic tile aggregate is very much in a straighter path compared to the conventional grades of concrete.
FUTUREย SCOPEย OFย WORK
There is a vast scope of research in the recycled aggregate usage in concrete especially ceramic tile wastes in the future. The possible research investigations that can be done are mentioned below:
- The usage of marble floor tiles can be studied as it is similar to that of tilewaste generation and also it is quite hard compared to the natural crushed stones using in conventional concrete.
- The usage of granite powder in concrete as an admixture to improve the workability of concrete and the strength parameters can also be studied at various
- A combination of different tiles (based on their usage) in different proportions inconcrete andย their effects onย concreteย properties like strength,ย workabilityย etcย canย be
- By the use of ceramic tile aggregate in concrete, the physical properties like durability, permeability etc., can be analyzed to prepare a concrete with more advantageous than conventional concrete.
- Astudyย onย propertiesย of concrete madeย withย combination ofย recycledย aggregate and tile aggregate in different proportions can be investigated to enhance the concrete properties and also to reduce the pollution or waste generation from construction
- A further investigation on the use of granite powder alone as a replacement to fine aggregate can be carried out the possibility of using such waste generation from
- The mechanical properties of concrete with marble aggregate (waste) either from manufacturing units or from construction demolition can be investigated to improve the properties like permeability; resistance to sound can also be studied.
- Ceramictile aggregate in highย strength concrete can be studiedย further toย check the possibility of its use in high rise buildings.
REFERENCES
- Aruna D, Rajendra Prabhu, Subhash C Yaragal, Katta Venkataramana IJRET:eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.
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- Department of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, University of Leon, Avenida Portugal 41, Leon 24071, Spain.
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